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OHIO 


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Department of Work= 
shops, Factories and 
Public Buildings. 


Illustrated Pamphlet Con= 
taining Cuts of Practical 
Devices for Guarding 
Dangerous Machinery, Etc. 


The Laws Governing 
Factory and 
Building Inspection 


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Columbus, Ohio, September' 

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1 


ILLUSTRATED PAMPHLET 

CONTAINING CUTS OF PRACTICAL DEVICES 
FOR GUARDING DANGEROUS MACHINERY, 

ETC., AND LAWS GOVERNING FACTORY * 

AND BUILDING INSPECTION. 


PREPARED BY DEPARTMENT OF WORKSHOPS AND FACTORIES. 


This pamphlet, containing a number of illustrations showing prac¬ 
tical methods of guarding dangerous machinery, etc., has been com¬ 
piled for the use and guidance of manufacturers and others owning and 
operating machinery, as well as for the benefit of employes who are 
engaged in operating same, and perhaps a few hints and instructions 
would not be out of place as a preface. 

So long as dangerous machinery is used and laborious occupations 
are necessary, which will be to the end of time, just so long will we 
have occupations which are more or less hazardous, and we would meet 
with as much success in trying to move the pyramids of Egypt as to try 
to change this condition of affairs. Accidents will occur and from vari¬ 
ous causes. Many can be attributed to carelessness on the part of the 
employe, from removing temporarily, for repairing machinery or for 
some other cause, guards or protection which have been ordered placed 
on or around the machine at which employed, and failing to replace same 
before using the machine again; others to the use of such machinery as 
can not be guarded, from the fact of destroying the utility of the ma¬ 
chine ; then those that occur from the want of a more zealous disposition 
on the part of the employer to see that the employe keeps constantly in 
use such guards as may have been placed for his protection; and again 
• those that occur through pure carelessness on the part of the injured, 
who would make it possible to meet with accident no matter how well 
guarded the piece of machinery at which employed. It is possible, how¬ 
ever, to lessen thedangers of the various hazardous occupations, and to 
reduce to a minimum accidents under certain restraining regulations, 
which should exist in every manufacturing establishment, by strict ad¬ 
herence thereto by those therein employed. 

There are dangers to life other than that of being employed at danger¬ 
ous machinery, such as dust-creating machinery used in wood-working 
establishments and plants where emery and polishing wheels are used, 

14 ' itf-p-i 

1 247 





y? 


2 


OHIO-DEPARTMENT OF WORKSHOPS AND FACTORIES. 


both of which should be equipped with such exhaust systems as would 
carry away all dust arising from the use of such machinery or wheel, 
b umes and gases arising from pickling iron produce, manufacturing 
of chemicals, rubber factories, wherein certain substances are used for the 
production of an article, which. is deleterious to the human system; 
match factories; porcelain manufacturing establishments, particularly 
the enameling department; brush factories, and many other similar places 
could be mentioned; all such plants should be supplied with the most 
modern scientific system of ventilation, such as would completely change 
the entire atmosphere in such rooms or factories every six to ten minutes. 
Manufacturers should arrange for the physical welfare of their employes 
to prevent disease as well as to protect them from the hazards arising 
from dangerous machinery. They should evince a regard for the safety 
of their people and be willing at all times to devise means for their pro¬ 
tection outside of the requirements of the law, and make such provisions 
as do not come under the jurisdiction of the Inspector, for the protection 
of those engaged in their factories. The manufacturer should not await 
the coming of the Inspector to order such changes and improvements as 
may be necessary for the protection of his employes, or for the placing 
of his factory in a good sanitary condition, but should proceed to do so 
at his own volition. 

While particular care has been taken to caution the manufactruer 
in relation to guarding all dangerous machinery, and to protect the 
health, life and limb of his employes, we wish also to call the attention 
of the employe to his duty to his employer as to preserving and using 
such protection as is provided for his benefit. He should show due 
appreciation for the effort made by his employer in the expenditure of 
large sums of money to provide exhaust systems to prevent the deleterious 
effects produced by dust upon his system, and instead of willfully destroy¬ 
ing hoods, pipe connections, etc., which, through his imagination, or from 
a nervous or passionate disposition, seemed to prevent him from perform¬ 
ing his work in a certain way, he should use every effort to preserve the 
usefulness of the sytsem as installed. The employer is not always at 
fault for not providing proper safeguards for t‘he protection of his em¬ 
ployes. Very ofter many hundreds of dollars are expended by him 
for this purpose, and proper protection installed and placed in good work¬ 
ing order, but made useless in a very short period bv the employe for some 
trivial excuse, and when the Inspector appears and orders the protection 
renewed or repaired and placed in good working order, perhaps through 
the complaint of some one of the employes of the plant, he is informed 
by the employer that the protection was removed or destroyed by the 
employe. Why should the Inspector be so zealous in endeavoring to 
enforce the laws enacted for the purpose of protecting the employe, if he 
has no disposition to aid in maintaining and perpetuating that protection 
given him? The employe should bear in mind that with his assistance in 


PRACTICAL DEVICES FOR GUARDING DANGEROUS MACHINERY. 


3 


this direction his interests are best subserved, and friction between this 
Department and the employer avoided. 

Elevator openings on each floor should be guarded by automatic 
gates or floor doors; persons using elevator should not, for any purpose, 
be permitted to wedge or prop up gates; unused sides of shaft should 
be cased in to a height of seven feet at least, either with jointed boards 
or substantial wire screening; cables, shives, safety catches and all ele¬ 
vator machinery should be examined frequently to see that it is in order; 
periodical tests of safety catches should be made by suspending the elve- 
vator or cage by light rope, and then cutting rope to ascertain whether the 
safety-catches will work or not, instead of waiting for an accident to 
prove that they do not; no minor under sixteen years of age should be 
permitted to operate any elevator. 

All belts passing through floors or vertical shafting operating through 
floors should be cased in to the height of four feet. 

All circular and band saws should be guarded, when possible to do so, 
and employes compelled to use such guards at all times. 

Protruding set-screws in collars and couplings on line and counter- 
shafting should be covered or countersunk. 

Set-keys in hubs of fly or other wheels should be cut off flush with 
the end of shaft or covered with tin casing or other material fitting closely 
to shaft, forming a smooth surface. 

Shafting beneath sewing machine tables and all other shafting oper¬ 
ating on or near floors should be covered. 

Loose pulleys should be used wherever possible, so as to throw a 
saw, jointer, shaper or other piece of machinery out of motion when not 
necessarily in use and employes instructed to throw out of motion such 
machine when leaving same even temporarily. 

Shifters should be used at all times for shifting belts, and no em¬ 
ploye should be allowed to shift a belt with his hands or stick; belts should 
be laced and adjusted when machinery is not in motion. 

Shapers and jointers should be guarded and guards kept in use at 
all times. 

All cog-gearings should be completely cased in, casing to be so con¬ 
structed that it can be easily removed when necessary to repair or oil, 
which can be made of wood or metal. 

All roll feed machinery should be well-guarded by placing strip of 
metal entire length of roll, strip to be placed as close as possible to roll 
to prevent operator from getting fingers between rolls while feeding; 
particularly should this suggestion be observed in laundries and bake- 

shops. 

All fly-wheels of engines and belt-wheels should be enclosed by casing 
in or placing substantial railing around them, either of wood or gas pipe. 
The latter preferable and more substantial. 


4 


OHIO-DEPARTMENT OF WORKSHOPS AND FACTORIES. 


All bearings and other parts of machinery should be oiled and cleaned 
when not in motion, and no minor under sixteen years of age should be 
allowed to oil or clean machinery or to sew or assist in sewing belts. 

No female employe should be compelled to remain constantly stand¬ 
ing at her work when the work at which she is engaged can be performed 
as well sitting. 

No minor under sixteen years of age must be employed to operate 
machinery which will endanger life and limb. 

Stairways in all large factories should be at least four feet wide and 
placed next to outer walls and be enclosed with nine-inch walls, extend¬ 
ing from ground up, or on outside and enclosed with wall; stairway 
should be well lighted and arranged so as to deliver by means of a door¬ 
way at least four feet wide direct to the outside at ground, and all door¬ 
ways leading to stairways should be so hung as to swing towards the exit, 
or to swing both ways, and should not be permitted to be kept locked 
or barred during working hours; treads of stairway should not be lf&s 
than ten inches wide and risers not more than seven inches high; all 
stairways should be provided with substantial handrailings solidly an¬ 
chored in wall or side casing, extending from top to bottom of same. - 

Paints, oils or other combustible materials should not be kept under 
or near stairways. 

Means for extinguishing fire should be placed on each floor. If fac¬ 
tory is located in a town or city having a good water system, stand¬ 
pipes and hose or automatic sprinklers are preferable. If not, then chem¬ 
ical fire extinguishers, such as will produce force and throw a stream 
when in action, and such as have been approved by the National Board 
of Fire Underwriters. 

Factories located in buildings above the second floor having but one 
stairway for means of exit, should be provided with a substantial iron 
fire-escape, balconies not to be less than forty-five inches wide and cover¬ 
ing two or more windows at each floor, with a stairway between balconies 
twenty-one inches wide in the clear, eight-inch rise and eight-inch tread, 
escape to be placed as remote from elevator shaft and inside stairway as 
possible. 

Nearly if not quite all of the foregoing suggestions are covered 
by the acts governing factory inspection. Many other useful sugges¬ 
tions might be enumerated, but we will pass to some mechanical illustra¬ 
tions showing practical methods of drawing dust from dust-creating 
machinery, and devices such as should be used on that which is dangerous, 
to prevent the loss of life and limb. 

EXHAUST SYSTEMS. 

An exhaust system for collecting dust resolves itself entirely and sim¬ 
ply into a problem of handling air. The first requirement is to decide 
on the requisite size of fan to be used. This is very important as pro- 





CUT No. 1 —EXHAUST SYSTEM 
































































































































































































































































































































6 


OHIO-DEPARTMENT OF WORKSHOPS AND FACTORIES. 


visions should be made for expansion of business, which means an expan¬ 
sion of pipe service and a fan sufficiently large to perform the. work, and 
unless this provision is made when the system is put in, it will be found 
when expansion of business does take place that the system is radically 
defective and can not be remedied without taking out the entire system. 

Wood-working as well as metal polishing establishments should be 
equipped with a practical system for collecting dust and refuse. This 
would relieve the workmen, insure cleanliness and healthy surroundings, 
and lessen the dangers of fire. A system for wood-working establisn- 
ments should be constructed on the same scientific principles as that for 
removing emery dust, except that the system for wood refuse requires a 
sharp blast and an excess in t-fee size of pipes to allow for additional fric¬ 
tion, but the essential features of all exhaust systems are identical. 

Cut No. i shows a side and rear view of an exhaust system. The 
system.may vary in so far as to where the main suction pipe is located, 
whether under the floor, overhead, or as is illustrated in the cut. The 
most preferable is as illustrated in the cut or under the floor. The main 
suction pipe A shows clearly the taper, preventing at all times vacuum 
at any point in the pipe and expanding sufficiently to cover the next wheel 
when its point of suction is reached. The pipe marked B illustrates the 
connection from the wheel to the main suction pipe. It will be noticed 
that the branch pipe enters the main suction pipe on an angle with the 
suction, thus preventing any interference with the draft. D illustrates, 
the side of the hood and C the top. There can not be an inflexible speci¬ 
fication for the hood as the shape of the hood must be controlled entirely 
by the class of work to be done, but the hood should always fit as closely 
as possible to the wheel, but not so close as to interfere with its opera¬ 
tion. The hood for an overshot wheel should be at the top near the line of 
the dust thrown by the velocity of the wheel; that for an undershot wheel 
the connection should be at the bottom. 

GRINDSTONES AND EMERY WHEELS. 

Persons operating grindstones and emery wheels are not only sub¬ 
ject to disease from breathing deleterious dusts, but they are also liable to 
violent injury from the bursting of the stone. The causes of such acci¬ 
dents are various and uncertain. Great care should be taken in storine 
grindstones, to keep them free from dampness and protect them from 
the elements. Many lives have been sacrificed by the bursting of grind¬ 
stones, caused doubtless by neglect in properly caring for the stones 
when they were in storage. A grindstone should not be stored with 
the stone standing upon the ground. It will absorb the moisture from 
the bottom, keeping one side of the stone soft and green, while the bal¬ 
ance of the stone becomes hard and seasoned. The moisture thus ab¬ 
sorbed will enter the stone in the shape of a wedge, tapering to a point 
at the center or bore of the stone. This means the expansion of the 


PRACTICAL DEVICES FOR GUARDING DANGEROUS MACHINERY 


7 


stone on the one side and very often causes it to crack in the opposite 
corner of the bore from the point of absorption. Frequently has this 



been found to be the case with bursted grindstones, having been mounted 
and used, the check being undiscovered until the stone bursted. Grind¬ 
stones should be stored on a raised platform at least six to ten inches 













































































































8 


OHIO — DEPARTMENT OF WORKSHOPS AND FACTORIES. 


from the ground, which would insure keeping them from absorbing the 
dampness arising from the earth. Another practice in the use of grind¬ 
stones, which has been the cause of many accidents from bursting, has 
been the using of wooden angles and wedges in mounting the stone. 
This practice should not be indulged in, particularly where the stone is 
operated wet, from the fact that water and moisture will find its way to 
the wooden wedges and angle pieces, cause expansion, and in many in¬ 
stances the bursting of the stone, and perhaps the loss of life. Iron 
angle pieces and wedges are much better than wood, and by the adoption 
of iron the bursting of grindstones from this cause might be avoided. 
By using carefully selected stones and great care on the part of the 
workrqen operating them, will prove to be a safeguard and lessen to 
some extent the possibility of accident from this cause. Though all the 
precautions above mentioned may be taken, yet the bursting of grind¬ 
stones will occur and those operating them should be protected in addi¬ 
tion to the precautions suggested, in so far as possible, against accident 
from flying fragments in case of the bursting of a stone. A guard con¬ 
structed of iron, properly braced, surrounding the stone, leaving only 
that portion exposed necessary for cutting, will render accident from 
bursting a very rare thing. 

Cut No. 2 illustrates such guard as is mentioned. Its construction 
is simple, adoption practicable, and where used will reduce the liability 
of accident from the bursting of grindstones to a minimum. 

Hood A is made of heavy forged sheet metal and supported mainly 
by scantling marked B, which, being horizontal, reaches the general 
support of vertical pillars of the frame. The scantling is also supported 
by short scantlings, arranged vertically upon the frame, which bears the 
pivot C carrying hood A, which allows the hood to swing so as to be 
adjusted to a stone of any size. Box D catches the water from the 
revolving stone. Rod E being bolted to. both sides of the hood A, with 
a hook on the opposite end, with the support of the perforated bar F 
attached, with bolts to the frame, acts as a support, and by removing the 
hook to the end of the perforated bar F, the frame can be adjusted to 
any size stone. In case a stone should burst the fragments would lodge 
against the hood and prevent serious accident. E shows the stone. 

The bursting of emery wheels is also of frequent occurrence and 
often as disastrous as the bursting of grindstones. Many things can be 
done that will lessen the probability of accident from the bursting of 
emery wheels, and care should be taken to purchase none but first class 
wheels and of the highest quality. A stringent inspection should be 
made of each wheel to detect flaws, if any; and the wheel should be so 
adjusted on spindles as to not fit too closely. The wheel fitting the 
spindle too tight is liable to burst from the fact of the spindle becoming 
heated from friction, thus causing expansion of the spindle and mate¬ 
rially adding to the danger of bursting the wheel. 





CUT No. 3 —HOOD FOR EMERY-WHEEE 












































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































10 OHIO — DEPARTMENT OF WORKSHOPS AND FACTORIES. 

The speed of an emery wheel is also an uncertain matter. One 
manufacture of wheel will stand a higher speed than another, and the 
safest rule to follow is that the wheel should be speeded only to such 
speed as is registered and given by the maker. The maker understands 
its constituent parts, its durability, and is much better qualified to know 
at what speed it can be operated with safety than any person not familiar 
with the wheel. No fixed or flexible schedule can be laid down to 
regulate the speed of emery wheels for the reason that the speed varies 
with the construction and quality of the wheel and by whom manu¬ 
factured. The wheel should always be kept true and in balance and 
the operator should use the wheel with the rest drawn up as close to it 
as possible, allowing sufficient clearance to relieve friction. Emery wheels 
have often been bursted by operating the wheel with the rest so far from 
it that the work being ground would catch between the revolving wheel 
and the rest, thus forming a wedge, and the sudden stopping or checking 
of the wheel will, in many cases, cause it to burst. We believe we are 
safe in saying that a larger number of wheels have been bursted from 
this cause than from all other complications put together. Precautionary 
measures will not always prevent the bursting of grindstones and emery 
wheels, nor is it always possible or practicable to guard such wheels, 
but in many instances it can and should be done. 

Cut No. 3 illustrates a protection for emery wheels, which is in¬ 
tended to break the force and stop the course of fragments in case of 
the bursting of a wheel. This device has proven beneficial in dimin¬ 
ishing and reducing accidents from this source to a minimum and shows 
a guard similar in purpose and partially in construction to the illustrated 
guard for grindstones. The hood which is marked A, can be made of 
any kind of metal, either heavy boiler plate or cast iron. The front of 
the guard is supported by two rods, which are fastened by eye-bolts to 
ceiling joists and then bolted to lugs on the side of hood A. The rear 
of the hood is supported by rod marked B, which is made of gas pipe 
with a bolt passing through the center of the pipe, bolted to the lug at 
the rear of hood and to the floor joists, providing a rigid construction. 
The nose or front end of hood A is turned under, and in case of the 
bursting of a wheel the fragments will lodge in the top of the hood, 
rendering it almost impossible for them to be thrown from under hood 
in such manner as to injure the operator, as the force of the fragments 
has been expended against the hood. This guard can not be used where 
it is necessary to use the top of the wheel, but in hundreds of cases this 
device can be used and will be found to be a life saver. 

WOOD-SHAPERS. 

Persons operating wood-working machinery are at all times sus¬ 
ceptible to accident, and particularly when operating unguarded, dan¬ 
gerous machinery. To absolutely prevent accident to this class of em- 


PRACTICAL DEVICES FOR GUARDING DANGEROUS MACHINERY. 11 



CUT No. 4—GUARD FOR WOOD-SHAPER. 



































































































































































12 


OHIO — DEPARTMENT OF WORKSHOPS AND FACTORIES. 


ployes is an impossibility, for the reason that wood-working machinery 
can not be rendered harmless or absolutely safe, and besides, employes 
are often careless, which is the cause of the major portion of accidents 
which occur from the use of dangerous machinery, but wood-working 
machinery can be made reasonably safe, which is one of the most zealous 
aims of the Department of Workshops and Factories, to protect the lives 
and limbs of such employes. 

The wood-shaper is, perhaps, one among the most dangerous pieces 
of wood-working machinery in use, yet this machine can be rendered 
more than reasonably safe by using shaper-guard, and a wood-shaper 
should never be operated without such guard. Occasionally we find an 
operator who has succeeded in operating a wood-shaper for a period of 
years without meeting misfortune, but where we find one thus favored 
among the thousands who earn their daily bread from such occupation, 
we come in contact with hundreds who have lost fingers, some their 
hands, and we have learned of others who have lost their lives. Various 
reasons are advanced against the use of such guards, one to the effect 
that by fastening the guard to the table it interferes with the proper 
discharge of the duties of the employe. This objection is unfounded, 
however, from the fact that many large wood-working plants are now 
using such guards and report to this department that they would not 
operate their shapers without them. 

By referring to cut No. 4 (on which there is no patent, and can 
be made by any manufacturer without fear of infringement), it will be 
noticed that it is constructed of a light frame-work built overhead and 
securely fastened and braced to the ceiling joists above. 

The guard which is marked A is composed of a basket or hood¬ 
shaped cylinder, made of bars, encircling the knife-head and knives. 
The cylinder is securely fastened to a piece of one and one-half inch 
gas pipe, which passes through the half-hollowed bar, marked C, through 
an eye-bolt, which, with a washer and thumb-screw, can be adjusted 
and tightened at any height desired so as to admit the material to be 
worked. If but one shaper-head is being used in the work, the other 
can be thrown up out of the w T ay, as shown by B, and in case of shaping 
the inside of a circle there is no difficulty in raising the guard to place 
the work on the shaper-bed and then lowering it, protecting the knives 
while the machine is in motion. This guard is in use by a number of 
manufacturers and gives satisfaction as a guard. There has not been a 
single accident reported to this department caused by a shaper where 
this guard has been adopted and is in use. 

There is also a shaper-guard manufactured in Cincinnati and used 
by many of the large manufacturing establishments of that city, known 
as Campbell’s Safety-guard. This guard is perfect .and protects the 
workman in every particular from being cut with the knives, and at the 
same time is an improvement over the guard illustrated as No. 4. 


PRACTICAL DEVICES FOR GUARDING DANGEROUS MACHINERY, 


18 





umimiimiin.ni 


UlUUi^ 


CUT No. 5 — CAMPBEJIjyS SAFHTY-GUARD FOR WQOD-SHAPFR, 
















































































































































14 


OHIO-DEPARTMENT OF WORKSHOPS AND FACTORIES. 


Cut No. 5 shows that the frame holding- the guard, which is 
marked *bv letter C, is bolted to the surface plate or top of table. 
The piece marked D forms a spring, which has a hood, marked A, 



fastened to the end, which encircles the spindles and knives. The 
part marked B is bolted to a nut which adjusts the spring by turning 
the hand-wheel shown in the cut. The idea of this guard is to pro¬ 
tect the operator from getting 


his hands thrown into the 
knives by two means: First, 
by holding the work to the 
table by pressure from the 
spring marked A and D, 
preventing the material be¬ 
ing worked from being 
hurled from the machine, 
which is most frequently the 
cause of accident from such 
machines; and second, by cov¬ 
ering the knives. The effici¬ 
ency of this guard is illus¬ 
trated by the enormous cut 
shown on the molding marked 
E. The molding marked EE, 
on the top of the table was 
made in one cut. This guard 
has met with the highest com¬ 
mendation from those who 
have it in use as a limb and a 
labor saver. 

Cuts Nos. 6, 7 and 8, il¬ 
lustrate the “National Friz- 
zer Guard,” No. 6 showing 
guard in use, No. 7 showing 
guard not in use and thrown 
up above shaper-head, and 
No. 8 showing frame work 
thrown up entirely out of the 
way. This guard is manu¬ 
factured by Michael Henry, 
of Dayton, Ohio, who is the 
patentee. The frame-work 


CUT No. 6 


NATIONAL FRIZZER GUARD 
IN USE. 


that extends from the ceiling is two feet from the table and is made of 
material 4x4 and framed in the plank that is nailed to the ceiling. The 
center piece is six inches wide and cut out on each end and nailed on 
the 4 x 4’s. The braces are seven-eighths inch thick and three inches 
wide. The casting is fastened on the 4x4 and the three-fourths inch 























































PRACTICAL DEVICES FOR GUARDING DANGEROUS MACHINERY. 15 

rod runs direct over the spindle. To operate this guard loosen the wheel 
on casting No. i, raise the guard and the table is clear; set the knives, 
lay your wood down on the table, bring the guard down on it and fasten 
the wheel above on casting No. i, and it is ready for use. If you use a 
small or large knife, loosen wheel No. 5 and throw the fender in or out 
to suit the knife. This guard can be adjusted to all classes of work and 




Cut No. 7. 


Cut No. 8. 


National Frizzer Guard not 
in Use and above Shaper- 
head. 


National Frizzer Guard, Show¬ 
ing Frame-work up out oe 
way. 


saves much valuable time and lumber, and it is almost impossible for the 
workman to get his hands lacerated by being drawn into the knife-head 
while this guard is in use. 

There are many other shaper-guards manufactured, which give sat¬ 
isfaction, some of them, perhaps, a little crude in their nature, from the 
fact of being a contrivance of the owner of the machine, who did not 
care to go to the expense of purchasing a patented device, yet serving 
the purpose for saving life and limb and not interfering with the utility 
of the shaper. 




















































































16 


OHIO — DEPARTMENT OF WORKSHOPS AND FACTORIES. 


WOOD-JOINTERS AND PLANERS. 

The wood-jointer is also classed among the most dangerous of 
wood-working machinery and is found in almost every wood-working 
establishment in this country. This machine has caused more accidents 
and maimed more men for life than all other wood-working machinery 
combined. A careful study of this machine will show that the causes 
of accident by its use often occur in an unaccountable way; sometimes 
the cause may be attributed to a change in the grain in the piece of tim¬ 
ber being worked, again by suddenly striking a knot, hurling the piece 
from the machine and throwing the workman's hand into the knives 
and usually at the side of the piece being worked. Such accidents could 
readily be prevented by keeping the gauge of the machine set close to 
the near end of the knives, only exposing a sufficient width of the knives 
to clear the width of the material being worked. This can be done and is 
practicable when the shaper-knives are sharp and in good order, but by 
constantly using them in one place they soon become dull and the gauge 
is moved over a little farther until more of the knife is exposed more 
than the width of the material being worked, and in case the workman’s 
hand is thrown from his work a serious accident must surely follow. 
Though the most dangerous machine used in wood-working establish¬ 
ments, yet it is more simple apd easy for which to provide a guard, ren¬ 
dering it reasonably more safe than other machinery of the wood-work¬ 
ing class. 

Cut No. 9 shows a cover or guard which is simple in its construc¬ 
tion and adjustable to the surface-plate or bed of jointer, covering 
the unused portion of jointer-knives. This guard consists of a board 
fastened to the surface-plate or bed of jointer in various ways, some¬ 
times dovetailed in the slot and again clamped on top parallel with 
the table. B represents the surface-plate, A represents the guard, 
which is simply a common board dovetailed to fit the opening in the 
bed allowed for the knives. It slides with the dovetail, and without 
trouble is kept over the knives, close up to the material being worked 
and is fastened by means of a clasp and thumb-screw, allowing only 
sufficient space between the guard marked A and the gauge of the 
machine for the material to pass through. No objection should be 
advanced against the use of this guard, as it costs the emplover com¬ 
paratively nothing, can be made in his own factory, as there is no 
patent on the device, and will prove to be a safeguard against acci¬ 
dent wherever used. There are other guards of a similar nature used 
in this State, giving satisfaction, on which there are patents. 

Cut No. io illustrates a hand-guard for planing machines, manu¬ 
factured by George Gocher, of Johnstown, Pa. This device consists 
of a shield of heavy sheet iron bolted to a malleable iron slide. The 
slide is slotted its entire length and is fastened to the table by a 
single yet strong clamping device, easily put on, and which can be 


PRACTICAL DEVICES FOR GUARDING DANGEROUS MACHINERY, 


17 



CUT No. 9 —GUARD FOR JOINTER 












































































































18 


OHIO-DEPARTMENT OF WORKSHOPS AND FACTORIES. 


adjusted in an instant to suit any width or thickness of material to 
be worked, allowing the use of the knives the whole width of the 
table without any danger to the operator whatever. In addition to 
the shield a steel spring is attached to the front end of the slide, and 
the material to be planed passes between this spring and the fence, 
as shown by the cut, and the operator can control the material being 



planed with one hand better than with both without it, and runs no 
risk whatever of being cut. This device seems to give satisfaction 
wherever in use. 

IRONING MANGLES. 

Frequently we hear of some unfortunate laundry girl having her 
fingers drawn in between the hot rolls of the ironing mangle. Usually 
the rolls are set just wide enough apart to iron a handkerchief or collar, 
but sometimes the operator accidentally allows her finger tips to pass too 
far in between the rolls, and the hand, and sometimes the whole arm, 
may be drawn in between the slow-moving hot rolls and crushed and 
burned. Many accidents of this kind have occurred in this and other 
States, causing the loss of the ends of the fingers, the hand and perhaps 
the arm. The occurrence of such accidents can be prevented by placing 
a safety strip in front of the top roll, strip to be so adjusted that the bot¬ 
tom of the strip will set a trifle above the bottom of the top roll, only 
allowing sufficient space between the table and the guard to permit the 
piece to pass through. 

Cut No. ii is an illustration of an ironing mangle in operation. The 
operator is in the act of ironing collars. The guard is shown by letter 
B, which is securely fastened in front of the roll, as before described. 
It will readily be seen that it is utterly impossible for the operator to 
get her fingers between the rolls, for the reason that there is not suffi- 

















CUT No. 11 — GUARD FOR IRONING MANGLES AND ROLL-FEED MACHINERY, 
































































































































































































































20 


OHIO — DEPARTMENT OF WORKSHOPS AND FACTORIES. 


cient space between the table and guard to admit her hand. A repre¬ 
sents the hot roll. The efficiency of this safety-guard is appreciated by 
the laundrymen of the State as a valuable attachment, and manufac¬ 
turers of this class of machinery throughout the country are now adopt¬ 
ing this safety-guard and placing it on nearly all of the roll feed machin¬ 
ery built by them. This safety strip or guard is found not only very 



CUT No. 12.—COLLAR AND CUFF IRONER. 


valuable as a guard on ironing mangles but will serve the same purpose 
on other roll-feed machinery, such as short planers, sandpaper machin¬ 
ery, corrugating machinery used in sheet metal factories, and in fact 
on all machinery where the material is fed into the machine by means 
of rolls. This one illustration will suffice for all machinery of this char¬ 
acter. 

Cut No. 12 illustrates a collar and cuff ironer which is manufactured 
by the American Laundry Machine Co., of Cincinnati. 







PRACTICAL DEVICES FOR GUARDING DANGEROUS MACHINERY. 2 \ 

In addition to the necessary guard in front of feed rolls it will be 
observed that the machine is equipped with a complete gear covering, leav¬ 
ing nothing exposed from which injury to the operator or other person 
who might come in contact therewith possible. 

RIP-SAWS. 

The circular rip-saw is one of the most convenient pieces of wood¬ 
working machinery in use and classed among the most dangerous. 
Thousands of men can testify to this by their mangled limbs. The rip¬ 
saw can be made reasonably safe by the use of saw-guards. 

Cut No. 13 illustrates a guard known as the “Uncle Joe” saw-guard. 
It is manufactured by John T. Towsley Manufacturing Co., of Cincinnati, 
Ohio. One of the excellent features of this guard is its attachment or 
fastening to the saw-table. There is a brass plate let down into the table 
! in line with the saw. The plate contains several dovetailed grooves. The 
guard is supported by a splitter made of steel about the thickness of the 
ordinary rip-saw. On the side of this splitter is fastened two dovetailed 
•strips, and in case of readjustment or a desire to remove the guard for any 
cause, you simply lift the guard from its bearings, which is easily done with 
the hand. The frame of the guard is made of brass, about one inch wide, 
which comes down over the top of the saw, and on each side it is covered 
with tin, marked A, and riveted to the frame. The frame of the guard 
is provided with two rolls. The same can either be used with the guard 
setting down flat on the table, entirely covering the saw, and when the 
material to be ripped is placed on the table, it will easily arise allowing the 
board to slip under. Through the top of the splitter, marked B, there are 
four little holes in which a point can be set, which is provided, and the 
guard can be adjusted according to the thickness of the timber being sawed, 
which position is generally preferred. The handle, marked C, in front of 
the hood, allows the operator to raise and Jower hood whenever desired. 
This guard is used by many manufacturers throughout the state and can 
be found in use by some of the largest firms in the city of Cincinnati, 
who express themselves in a manner of appreciation of their value for 
(their hand saving, and are free to say that they would not operate their 
saws without this or some other device equally as good, for they believe 
that numerous accidents have been averted and many law suits prevented 
by their use. They also say that their men employed at such saws would 
not operate them without the guard, and that their employes accomplish 
more work with them than without them, from the fact that while using 
the guard they have no fear of meeting with accident. 

Cut No. 14 illustrates a guard known as the “O. K.” saw-guard, 
which is manufactured by the National Saw-guard Company, of Indian¬ 
apolis, Indiana. This is a simple guard and quite extensively used by 
the manufacturers of the State and those using the guard speak of it in 


OHIO — DEPARTMENT OF WORKSHOPS AND FACTORIES 




CUT No. IS — UNCUB JOE SAW-GUARD, 






























































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































PRACTICAL DEVICES FOR GUARDING DANGEROUS MACHINERY 


23 


the highest terms. The guard is supported by a thin steel splitter, which 
is held in position by a clevis, securely fastened by a bolt to the saw-table 
in line with the saw. The splitter is held in the clevis by the means of a 
key. The guard is made of cast iron, which is about one and one-fourth 



CUT No. 14 — O. K. SAW-GUARD. 


inches wide, hollowed out on the under side. There are no covers on the 
sides. The guard can be adjusted for the use of saws of different sizes 
by raising or lowering the guard on the splitters, which slips back and is 
held by a thumb-screw, and is adjusted to the thickness of the material to 
be cut, being made in two pieces, one passing over the other with a round 
rod passing through a nut, which is shown in the illustration. The guard 










24 OHIO — DEPARTMENT OF WORKSHOPS AND FACTORIES. 

can therefore be made rigid in any position. In addition to preventing 
the operator’s hands from coming in contact with the saw, this guard has 
a fork-shaped dog which is fastened to the splitter on the side between 
(the gauge of the saw and the splitter. As the saw passes through the 
material the dog rides on the top of the timber being worked, and in case 
the saw should bind and the piece being sawed should start to fly back, 
as is very frequently the case, the dog forms a brace, and the harder the 
piece of timber pulls back the tighter the dog holds it to the table, and we 
are confident that to this simple device can be credited the saving of many 
lives. 

Cut No. 15 illustrates a guard known as “Bennett Reliable Saw- 
guard/’ Toledo Saw Co., of Toledo, Ohio, agents. This guard, it will 
be observed, is fastened to the bottom side of the table with two bolts 
passing through table and two slotted lugs, so that it can be adjusted, in 
case the holes are not exactly in the right place, and be put in direct line 
and square behind saw. The piece under table is made on a square angle, 

with a slot on the side for bolt with 
a thumb-screw to slide back and 
forth. There is also a slot in 
spreader directly behind saw. These 
slots are for the purpose of adjust¬ 
ing guard easily and quickly so as 
to fit a large or small saw. If a 
large saw, raise up guard and move 
it back sufficiently to clear teeth of 
saw. If a- small saw, drop it down 
and place close to saw. The piece 
under table is made of brass metal 
and about seven inches iong. The 
spreader is made of spring steel. 
The guard over saw is made of malleable iron about three-fourths of an 
inch in width, with a piece about one-eighth of an inch in thickness 
covering top of guard, with a slot cut in, which guard rests on top of 
spreader to prevent guard from coming in contact with saw. A square 
head tap-screw holds guard to spreader, and a projecting piece at thumb¬ 
screw holds spreader in place and a piece of hard wood between this 
projecting piece and spreader prevents them from slipping. This guard 
is adjusted by one thumb-screw, is adjustable in all ways and not expen¬ 
sive. The guard is in use by many manufacturers in Toledo and the 
northwestern part of the State and seems to be giving general satisfaction. 

Cuts Nos. 16 and 17 illustrate a guard which is the production of 
one of the District Inspectors of this Department. Cut No. 16 shows 
the guard in suse and cut No. 17 shows guard thrown up out of way. In 
many instances where saw-guards have been ordered, and manufactur¬ 
ers have provided guards and placed them on their saw tables, the first 
time that the sawyer has occasion to remove the guard to perform a class 



Cut No. 15 — Bennett Reliable 


Saw-guard. 



PRACTICAL DEVICES FOR GUARDING DANGEROUS MACHINERY. 25 

of work which can not be clone with the guard in place, he hangs it on 
the wall or throws it under the saw-table, because a little time and trouble 
must be taken to readjust the guard. This guard need not be removed 
from the table when a class of work is to be done where it can not be 
used. It is simply thrown up out of the way and when the class of work 
where it can not be used is finished, all that is necessary is to pull down 
the arm so that it rests on the gauge and the saw is covered and again 
ready for ripping. This guard is made of two upright pieces about two 
and a fourth inches square, one on each side of mandrel, which are 
securely fastened to the side of the saw-table, uprights extending high 
enough above gauge to admit a cross or pivot-block two inches square 



between the two uprights, the ends of pivot-block being rounded so as 
to be let into holes in both uprights and fit closely. In center of pivot- 
block a mortise made to admit of the insertion of arm-piece seven-eighths 
inch thick and two inches wide, and long enough to reach over the saw 
when resting on the gauge. At end of arm a block about one and one- 
fourth inches thick or thicker if necessary, is mortised and placed thereon, 
block to be grooved wide enough to fit over saw and not interfere with 
same and to be of sufficient length to come down over and cover so 
much of the saw as may be necessary to protect the operator. This 
guard can be fastened to the side of table where the saw is operated by 
belt from below, and if saw is operated by belt from above, it can be 
fastened to top of table. Though this guard may be a little crude yet it 
will serve the purpose as a protector and can be made by the manufac¬ 
turer in his own factory in a very short time and cost comparatively 
nothing. 




























































































































26 


OHIO — DEPARTMENT OF WORKSHOPS AND FACTORIES. 


Cut No. 18 illustrates the Eclipse Detachable Saw-Guard, manufac¬ 
tured by H. J. Bernard and Company, at Indianapolis, Indiana. The 
Eclipse saw-guard is simple in construction but strong and durable, and 





CUT No. 17 — SAW-GUARD NOT IN USE. 

can be attached by any mechanic in a few minutes. The base plate is of 
solid construction and is held in position by four heavy screws, prevent¬ 
ing the guard from working loose on the table, thus overcoming a serious 


objection. The blade is made of 
saw steel, riveted on a casting that 
interlocks with the base plate, and 
the two plates are held together 
by a disc and screw forming an 
immovable union of the two plates. 
The hood is made of galvanized 
iron and adjustable to saws from 
ten to sixteen inches in diameter 
and is adjustable on the blade, so 
that it can be elevated or lowered. 
To set this guard, mortise out the 
saw-table to fit the base plate, and 



Cut No. 18 —Eclipse Detachable 
Saw-guard. 







































































































































































PRACTICAL DEVICES FOR GUARDING DANGEROUS MACHINERY 


27 


then set the base plate and blade so that the blade will be in exact line 
with and about one inch from the saw, and there will be no trouble expe¬ 
rienced from the lumber binding on the saw. The elongated screw 
holes in the base plate will permit the plate to be moved a fraction of 
an inch backward or forward in order to adjust the blade with the saw. 
This guard can be removed or replaced in a very short time, doing 



CUT No. 19 — ADJUSTABLE SAW TABLE WITH SAW-GUARD. 


away with the loss of time in changing saws. This guard is giving 
satisfaction wherever in use. 

Cut No. 19 illustrates an adjustable saw table equipped with saw- 
guard. Both the adjustable table and guard are manufactured by the 
J. A. Fay & Egan Co., of Cincinnati, Ohio. 

In the past much trouble has been experienced in finding a device 
which was especially adapted to the use of an adjustable saw-table, and at 
the same time prove practical. This guard seems to have given entire 
satisfaction wherever used, and the illustration is so plain that it re¬ 
quires no further explanation. 














28 


OHIO — DEPARTMENT OF WORKSHOPS AND FACTORIES. 


GUARD FOR PRESSES AND STAMPING MACHINES. 

Thousands of operators of stamping machines have been maimed 
from the want of some device to prevent the mashing of fingers or 
hands while thus employed. It was believed that there could be no in¬ 
vention placed on such machines without to some extent destroying 
their utility, but cuts 20, 21 and 22 represent the component parts con¬ 
stituting a practical guard. 




Cut No. 22 —Isometricae View oe Guard. 


Cut No. 23 represents the press with guard attached and ready 
for use. This device is the invention of Mr. John D. Long, Supt. of 
the tin manufacturing works of Messrs. Guina & Co., of New York 
City. Mr. Long for humanity's sake, refrained from taking out letters 
patent on his invention, though it is a practical device, and, with very 
slight modification can be applied to nearly every tin and sheet metal 
stamping press now in use. It has been attached to all the presses of 
the above named firm for a number of years, and since its adoption there 
has not been a single accident on any of their stamping machines. The 
attachment consists of a thin metal strip, bent so as to surround the 
dies, high enough to make it impossible to get the hand under the de¬ 
scending stamp, and with a perforation extending the length of the metal 


































































PRACTICAL DEVICES FOR GUARDING DANGEROUS MACHINERY. 29 

strip on each of its faces. There is just sufficient room for the insertion 
of the metal to be stamped or shaped, and the work is always in sight 
through pei forations extending the length of device on each side. 
1 . here is no motion whatever to the guard. It can not get out of order 



CUT No. 23 - STAMPING MACHINE WITH GUARD ATTACHED. 

and there is no occasion to tamper with it. Every manufacturer operat¬ 
ing this class of machinery should adopt this guard. It can be made 
and attached by any machinist. 

SAFETY SET COLLARS. 

In placing collars on shafting it is very important that all set¬ 
screws should be countersunk. The protruding set-screw is very dan¬ 
gerous, and has, perhaps, been the cause of more fatal accidents than 
























































































































































































,30 


OHIO — DEPARTMENT OF WORKSHOPS AND FACTORIES. 


any other piece of machinery used by the manufacturers, and many acci¬ 
dents from this cause are reported to this department each year. Cuts 
Nos. 24 and 25 represent a split collar now in use .in many manufactur¬ 
ing establishments throughout the State and known as Shartle’s Safety 
Set Collar, manufactured at Middletown, Ohio, by the Middletown Ma¬ 
chine Co. Cut No. 24 shows the collar disconnected or apart, and No. 
25 the collar together as it would appear on the shaft. This collar can 
be easily placed on a shaft without removing pulleys, couplings or tak¬ 
ing down the shaft. The screws are countersunk below the surface 
making it almost impossible for the head of the screw to catch the cloth- 



Cut No. 24 —Showing Collar Cut No. 25 —Showing Collar 

Disconnected. Connected. 

ing of any one who might be oiling bearings near it or performing some 
other duty. An ordinary monkey-wrench can be used to tighten the set¬ 
screws. They are bored to any size. 

There is another similar split collar, called the “Giant Safety Col¬ 
lar,” manufactured at Governeur, N. Y., by J. B. Johnson. 

GUARDS FOR COG-WHEELS, SET-SCREWS, ETC. 

Following are a few practical guards for cog-wheels, set-screws 
and protruding ends of shafts which are so often found unprotected in 
many of our shops and factories. 

Cut No. 27, BD, shows a practical way of guarding cog-gearing 
EE as represented in cut No. 26. The casing can be made of metal and 
be so adjusted as to be removed when necessary for oiling and cleaning. 

Cut No. 28 shows exposed spur-wheels BB, with an inperfect guard 
A for protection. 

Cut No. 29 shows a complete cover, CC, for spur-wheels as shown 
in cut No. 28, BB, which is made of metal and can also be adjusted so 
as to be easily removed if necessary for oiling or any other purpose, 
and replaced in a moment. These covers are not only a protection 
against injury to person, but prevent dust from getting into the wheels, 
which is very injurious, causing the wheel to wear out much sooner than 
when completely covered. 

Cut No. 30 shows a dangerous collar set-screw A, and a projecting 
shaft with a key-way in exposed end marked B. 













































PRACTICAL DEVICES FOR GUARDING DANGEROUS MACHINERY. 31 



Cut No. 26 — Exposed Bevel Wheels* 


Cut No. 27 —Covered Beveled Wheels. 

a 



CUT No. 28 — IMPERFECT GUARD FOR SPUR WHEELS. 












































































































































































32 


OHIO — DEPARTMENT OF WORKSHOPS AND FACTORIES. 




Cut No. 31 shows set-screw S, which is deeply recessed in collar, 
making it next to impossible to catch the clothing of one who might 
come in contact with shafting, and can be adjusted by box key marked K. 


Cut No. 31 -Set-screw Countersunk. Cut No. 32 —Set-screw and Shaft. 


Cut No. 32 shows another form of set-screw C, countersunk, with 
projecting square end of shaft marked D. 



Cut No. 33 shows a practical method of guarding protruding 
square shaft end of shafting with key-way as shown by cuts Nos. 30 
and 32. G shows end of shaft smoothly covered with a sheet metal cap. 







































PRACTICAL DEVICES FOR GUARDING DANGEROUS MACHINERY. 33 


♦ 


FRICTION CLUTCH PULLEYS AND CLUTCH COUPLINGS. 

Cut No. 34 illustrates what is known as the Preslar Friction Clutch 
Pulleys and Clutch Couplings, manufactured by the Preslar-Crawley 
Manufacturing Co., West Second St., Cincinnati, Ohio. 



CUT No. 34 —FRICTION CLUTCH PULLEY AND CLUTCH COUPLING. 


In the past a great deal of trouble has been experienced with friction 
clutches, owing to the fact that they were not, as a rule, direct in action. 
Clutches are placed on shafting for the purpose of stopping the shaft¬ 
ing and machinery instantaneously. This is possible with the clutch 
illustrated, as it seems to be constructed on correct mechanical principles, 
simple and direct, a powerful grip and a positive release that can not 
fail to act. Like all other simple mechanisms, necessity of frequent 
repairs are minimized. There are no springs and the wooden shoes can 
be replaced without disturbing the clutch. These clutches are made in 
all sizes, and are especially adapted to high speed and heavy loads. 

STATIONARY BAKEOVENS. 

Cut No. 35 illustrates a bakeoven built by the Clauss Patent Bake- 
oven Co., of Cincinnati, Ohio, and is published with our illustrations for 
the guarding of dangerous machinery more for the purpose of showing 


34 


OHIO — DEPARTMENT OF WORKSHOPS AND 


FACTORIES 



CUT No. 35 —THE CUAUSS PATENT BAKEOVEN 











PRACTICAL DEVICES FOR GUARDING DANGEROUS MACHINERY 35 

a modern bakeoven than giving notoriety to the builders, as there are 
quite a number of other oven builders in this State who construct ovens 
for baking purposes, which, perhaps, are equally as good. A number 
of ovens of the above patent have been constructed in Ohio, all of which 
seem to be giving general satisfaction. 

SAFETY APPLIANCES FOR BAKESHOP MACHINERY. 

One of the most common sources of accidents in the bakeshop 
comes from the use of the dough break or dough roller. Quite a num¬ 
ber of devices have been invented for the purpose of preventing the 



CUT No. 36 — DAY’S SINGLE FLY-WHEEL DOUGH BRAKE. 

person operating the machine from getting his hands caught between 
the rolls, but with all the warning given and protection provided, acci¬ 
dents from this cause continue to occur, necessitating the amputation 
of fingers, the hand and in some instances the arm. There are still other 
sources of accident from this machine, that of being caught in the gear¬ 
ing, which often results seriously. Frequently bakers wear loose sleeves, 
and they become careless, the sleeve is caught in the gearing and the 
hand or arm is drawn in and badly mangled. It is a great wonder that 
more accidents do not occur from clothing being caught in gearing or 
cog wheels, and we believe if it were not for the warning so frequently 
given by the employer, accidents from this cause would be doubled. 

Cut No. 36 illustrates the single fly-wheel brake. The smaller sizes 
are made with handle on fly-wheel and crank for opposite end of shaft 
so that they can be run by hand when desired. 













36 


OHIO — DEPARTMENT OF WORKSHOPS AND FACTORIES. 


Cut No. 37 illustrates the double fly-wheel brake, such as used ill 
large steam bakeries. It will be noticed that by closely examining illus¬ 
trations 36 and 37 that the gearing on either end of the rolls are almost 
entirely covered over With metal covering, thus making it next to impos¬ 
sible for the person operating the machine to come in contact therewith, 
unless he should deliberately thrust his hand beneath the covering. It 
will be noticed also that the rolls are almost entirely covered over with 
metal sheeting, leaving only space sufficient for entrance of dough being 
fed, to prevent persons feeding machine from coming in contact with 
' rolls. Each roll is provided with an adjustable steel scraper on lower 
roll and one over the upper roll under the guard, for the purpose of 



CUT No. 37- DAY’S DOUBLE FLY-WHEEL DOUGH BRAKE. 


keeping the rolls clean, thus avoiding the necessity of using the hand 
for this purpose. There is also a belt-shifter provided for each of the 
machines, which is so arranged that belt can be shifted while standing 
in front of or at end of machine. A very cheap and convenient device 
for the purpose of stopping the revolving fly-wheel almost simultane¬ 
ously with the shifting of belt to the loose pulley can be made by any 
person, consisting of a treadle fulcrumed slightly in front of the fly¬ 
wheel. This treadle has a bearing or brake surface to be applied to 
lower surface of fly-wheel, the other end being operated by the foot. 
Another device for this purpose is recommended, consisting of an iron 
band reaching up and over the top of fly-wheel, connected with a lever 
attached to floor. This brake, when applied, would have a bearing' 
























PRACTICAL DEVICES FOR GUARDING DANGEROUS MACHINERY. 37 


on almost the entire diameter of the wheel, and would stop its revolution 
in a few seconds, so that should person operating the brake get caught 



CUT No. 38 — DAY’S UNIVERSAL MIXER. 

in any portion of the machinery connected therewith, the shifting of 
belt and the application of the brake would be simultaneous and machine 
at once brought to a stand-still. 
















































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































38 


OHIO-DEPARTMENT OF WORKSHOPS AND FACTORIES, 



CUT No. 39 —DAY’S ELECTRIC DOUGH MIXER. 














































































































































































































































































































































































































































PRACTICAL DEVICES FOR GUARDING DANGEROUS MACHINERY. 


39 


Cut No. 38 is an illustration of a dough-mixer. Accidents on this 
machine are of no less frequent occurence than on the roller or brake, 
but when an accident does occur it usually proves to be very serious. 
Dsually accidents occur while cleaning machine when in motion, which 
is a very hazardous habit and should be prohibited. We have on record 
quite a number of fatal accidents from this mode of cleaning, one in 
particular coming to our mind which occurred in the city of Cincinnati 
in the early part of 1902, where an employe was cleaning the mixer while 
in motion and was drawn into the mixer by the agitator and killed 
before the machine could be stopped, and perhaps all from the want of 
proper devices for throwing the machine out of motion. 

It will be noticed that this mixer is provided with the latest improved 
device for shifting belts. The operator, while standing in front of the 
machine, can reach out and shift the belt, stopping the agitator of mixer 
in a moment, or in any position he may desire, which is very convenient 
while cleaning. The belt can also be shifted from the rear and end of 
machine as well. 

Cut No. 39 is an illustration of the Electric Dough Mixer, directly 
connected to electric motor. Where electric power is available this is 
a very economical outfit, saving the expense of pulleys, shafting, hangers 
and belting. A dough brake can also be attached to motor and one or 
both machines can be operated at will. The starting and stopping box, 
which is located within easy reach of person operating machine in front 
of mixer, is a commendable feature, from the fact that the machine can 
be immediately stopped in case of accident. 

Both dough brakes and dough mixers, together with all the safety 
appliances connected therewith are manufactured by the J. H. Day Co., 
of Cincinnati, Ohio. These machines are all of the latest and improved 
pattern, but as this is not an advertising medium, the merits or useful¬ 
ness of each can not be discussed for fear of criticism by other manu¬ 
facturers of the same class of machinery who would, under the same 
circumstances, be entitled to and worthy of mention. The illustrations 
are published only to show the safeguards thrown around the exposed 
and dangerous parts to avoid accident. 


PROTECTION FOR ELEVATOR OPENINGS, ETC. 

Cut No. 40 is an illustration of a system of elevator gates manu¬ 
factured by the Richmond Safety Gate Co., Richmond, Indiana. The 
gates are so constructed that they operate automatically by the move- 
' ment of the elevator, which both opens and closes the gates. The advan¬ 
tage of such an equipment is at once apparent: It insures the gates 
being closed when the elevator is not at floor level, and thus prevents 
any person from stepping into the open hatchway. Another advantage 
is the saving of labor and time handling the gates and enables those 
employed about the elevator to do more work in a day. This gate has 


40 


OHIO 


DEPARTMENT OF WORKSHOPS AND FACTORIES 




been in use in a large number of factories, warehouses and mercantile 
establishments throughout the State for a number of years. 



Cut No. 40— Elevator Gates Closed and Open. 


Cut No. 41 is an illustration descriptive of a system of counterbal¬ 
anced corrugated iron doors especially adapted to the entrance ways of 




































































































































































































































































































































































PRACTICAL DEVICES FOR GUARDING DANGEROUS MACHINERY. 41 

elevator enclosures constructed by brick, tile or other fire-proof mate¬ 
rials. The illustration is a view looking - from elevator into store room. 



Cut No. 42 is also an illustration of a system of counterbalanced 
corrugated iron doors, same as that of No. 41, but is a view looking 
into elevator. These doors are of great value for guarding the entrance 






























































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































42 


OHIO-DEPARTMENT OF WORKSHOPS AND FACTORIES. 


way to elevator hatchways. The great advantage in this style of equip¬ 
ment is that they can be placed on the inside of the hatchway and thus 



Cut No. 42 —Corrugated Iron Doors 

require but little space. When installed they present a very neat appear¬ 
ance and are very easily operated by reason of one section counterbalanc¬ 
ing the other. It is easy to keep them closed, and they not only afford 




















































































































































































































































































































































PRACTICAL DEVICES FOR GUARDING DANGEROUS MACHINERY. 43 


ample protection against accident to life and limb, but are a secure bar¬ 
rier against the spread of fire and thereby combine two equipments in 
one. These corrugated iron doors are also manufactured by the Rich¬ 
mond Safety Gate Co., and a large number are now in use in this State. 

Cut No. 43 illustrates the Ideal Automatic Safety Elevator Guard, 
manufactured at Springfield, Ohio, by the Webster & Perks Tool Co. 
This gate is self-opening and self-closing. Open when elevator platform 
is at the floor ^nd always closed when elevator is away. It is very neat 
in appearance, being made largely of iron and steel. Any carpenter can 
place it in position in a very short time. 



Cut No. 44 illustrates the Warner Patent Automatic Closing Ele¬ 
vator Gate. Gate is of a neat pattern, made of hard wood and strong 
and substantially put together. The gate is suspended by sash cord 
and counterbalanced. Counterbalance is run in a column on cithei side 
of hatch. The automatic closing attachment consists of a swinging bar,, 
to one end is fastened a hard wood roller, to the other a cast iron dog 
or shoe. When the gate is raised, this cast iron shoe holds the gate 
up. and when the platform leaves the floor to go either up or down, the 
shoe is released and the gate closes. The shoe is never in position to 
hold the gate open without the platform is at the floor landing, thus 
insuring a constant closed hatchway, unless the platform is at the land- 




















































































44 


OHIO — DEPARTMENT OF WORKSHOPS AND FACTORIES. 


ing. This gate can be attached to almost any elevator and is manufac¬ 
tured by the Warner Elevator Manufacturing Co., of Cincinnati. 

Cut No. 45 illustrates the Warner Automatic Hatch Doors or covers 
in operation in connection with a power freight elevator. The automatic 
attachment is simple in construction, the doors are made light in weight, 
but strong and substantial, and swing on heavy steel hinges. To the 



CUT No. 44 — WARNER PATENT AUTOMATIC GATE. 


elevator platform is fitted the heavy wrought iron bow which raises the 
doors when the elevator is ascending and closes it when descending. 
The levers are made of gray iron, and are so constructed as to act as 
a counterbalance for the doors, thereby reducing the amount of power 
necessary to operate them. The levers are also provided with a steel 
roller which travels on the bow attached to the platform, while the other 
end is supplied with a wrought iron yoke to which the connecting rods 
are attached. The yoke is made adjustable and is provided with a spring 
to take away any undue pressure from the doors. These doors can be 
fitted to any make of elevator. 















































































































































PRACIICAL DEVICES FOR GUARDING DANGEROUS MACHINERY, 




CUT No. 45— AUTOMATIC HATCH DOORS OR COVERS, 
























































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































































46 OHIO — DEPARTMENT OF WORKSHOPS AND FACTORIES. 

Cut No. 46 illustrates the Warner Climax Under Platform Safety 
Attachment. This device is so hung to the under side of the platform 
as to instantly arrest the descent of and locks the platform should any 
obstruction meet it in its descent. The cut illustrates a man leaning on 
the hatch-bar or post, and the platform, which is heavily loaded with 
freight, is descending unobserved by the man engaged with a customer, 
the device touches him lightly on the head and the platform is instantly 



CUT No. 46—THE CLIMAX UNDER PLATFORM SAFETY ATTACHMENT# 


locked. A serious accident might have occurred if this attachment had 
not been on the platform. No matter how great the load, the platform 
can be easily stopped. Doubtless this attachment has been the means 
of averting many serious accidents. This device can be attached to 
any elevator. 

In the absence of the above-named patent device, we would advise 
all users of freight elevators to suspend a strip of wood by rope hangers 
from bottom of elevator platform, on open side of shaft, to a distance of 
eighteen or twenty inches below bottom, strip to be in length the full 






























































































































































































































PRACTICAL DEVICES FOR GUARDING DANGEROUS MACHINERY. 47 

V 

width of platform. This strip touching' any person who might be in the 
way of the elevator while descending, would be warned of his danger and 
could quickly step out of the way. This, of course, would not stop the 
descent of elevator but would serve as a warning. 

t 

FIRE-ESCAPES. 

Cut No. 47 illustrates the Standard fire-escape adopted by the Depart¬ 
ment of Workshops and Factories in 1889. Up to that time there seemed 
to have been no particular system in the erection of escapes, as wood and 


CUT No. 47 — ELEVATION STANDARD FIRE-ESCAPE. 


iron ladders were used in promiscuous ways, in most instances being 
erected and anchored close to the wall, fastenings only leaded in, 
making a straight run to the ground, which was dangerous to the extreme, 
in case it became necessary to use them, especially so for the descent of 
women, and it became necessary for the Department to adopt a uniform 
system that the owners of all such buildings requiring fire-escapes might 
be guided by specifications that would insure the erection of such means 
of escape as would provide safe and speedy egress for those therein 
employed. 














































































































48 


OHIO — DEPARTMENT OF WORKSHOPS AND FACTORIES. 


A fire-escape is something that is seldom used, but when it is needed 
it is needed badly, and should be of a pattern which would afford rapid and 
safe descent. 



CUT No. 48 —DETAILS STANDARD FIRE-ESCAPE. 


The elevation shows a balcony at each floor forty-five inches wide 
with a stairway twenty-one inches wide in the clear, eight-inch rise and 
eight-inch tread beeween each balcony, and from the first'balcony above 
the ground there is a drop stairway attached, held up by counterbalance 

































































































































































































































































PRACTICAL DEVICES FOR GUARDING DANGEROUS MACHINERY. 49 

weight, preventing unauthorized persons from ascending; but should it 
be necessary to descend the escape a slight weight on the stairs will drop 
them in position ready for use. This drop stairway may be substituted 
by a stationary stairway extending from balcony to within eight or ten feet 
of the ground to a landing two or three feet long, resting on a bracket 
solidly anchored through wall with a six-inch washer and nut, and at this 
landing a ladder may be provided twenty-one inches wide and of sufficient 
length to reach the ground at an easy angle, ladder to be supported by 
counterbalance weight so as to be easily thrown in position for descent. 
It will be noticed that the illustration of elevation does not show filling-in 
between top hand-rail of stairway and risers. This must be filled in with 
one strip of one and one-fourth by one-fourth inch flat iron. 

When an order is issued for the erection of a fire-escape, specifications 
accompany the order (which will be found following immediately after 
details and illustration), and if followed there can be no mistake made, 
and when escape is completed it is one such as any man, woman or child 
can descend with safety. 

Cut No. 48 shows every piece of iron in the Standard escape, how it 
should be constructed, and specifies the kind and size of material for each 
piece used, even to the rivets. 

There are no patents on this escape and the specifications are so 
plain, each part being placed under its own particular heading so as to be 
easily referred to without reading the entire specification, that it can be 
manufactured by any fire-escape or architectural iron work manufacturer. 

One commendable feature about this adopted system is that it insures 
uniformity in the erection of fire-escapes in our State and permits of no 
discrimination. Many escapes can be seen throughout Ohio erected after 
this pattern, by the order of this Department, and the design and con¬ 
struction seems to be satisfactory to those who have been directed to 
place them. 

SPECIFICATIONS AND MATERIALS 

) 

To be used in the construction of outside balcony stairway fire-escapes for 
buildings three or more stories in height, used for workshop and factory 
purposes in the State of Ohio, and for other buildings coming under the 
jurisdiction of this Department: 

1. BALCONY. 

There must be a balcony forty-five (45) inches wide at each floor above the 
ground, balconies to take in two or more windows; balcony floor must be con¬ 
structed with four (4) one and one-half by one-fourth (V/ 2 x %) inch angle-iron 
stringers, resting on brackets not to be placed to exceed eight (8) feet apart; 
there must be one and one-fourth by one-fourth (lki x 14) inch flat iron strips 
riveted to the one and one-half by one-fourth (1*4 x J4) inch angle-iron floor 
stringers, strips to be placed so as not to exceed one and one-half (1^4) inches 
apart, which shall form the floor. 


50 


OHIO — DEPARTMENT OF WORKSHOPS AND FACTORIES. 


LATTICE TRUSS FOR BALCONY. 

There must be a lattice truss riveted to the outside floor stringer,, with ai 
stringer on the bottom of one and one-half by one-fourth (134x 34) inch: angle- 
iron, with one and one-fourth by one-fourth (1% x 34) inch flat iron pieces, 
formed into a lattice Or truss, the lattice truss to be dropped down below the 
balcony floor twelve (12) inches, which will make balcony rigid. 

v. 

^ \ 

3. HAND-RAIL FOR BALCONY. 

1 . ' g| J 

There must be a top or hand-rail for each balcony which must be three (3) 
feet high from balcony stringer, made of one and one-fourth by three-sixteenths 
(134 *'3/16) inch angle-iron. 

The filling-in between the hand-rails and stringers of the balcony must be 
made of one and one-fourth by one-fourth (134*34) inch A at iron, two (2) bars 
between the top or hand-rail and the floor stringers. 

The top or hand-rail of the balcony must have a three-fourths (24) inch 
bolt securely fastened to the end, which must pass through the wall and fasten on 
the inside with a four (4) inch washer and three-fourths ( 24 ) inch nut, both to 
be let into wall so as to form a smooth surface when plastered over. 

The top rail of balcony shall be braced with a five-eighths ( 24 ) inch round 
iron brace-rod securely riveted to top rail then passing down through the outer end 
of the top cord of the main bracket and fasten with nut both on upper and lower 
sides. 

4. BRACKETS FOR BALCONIES. 

The main or the top cord of the bracket shall be made from two and one- 
half by one-half ( 234 x 34 ) inch flat iron, extending out eight (8) inches beyond 
the balcony, with a seven-eighths ( 24 ) inch bolt welded on the back end, which 
shall pass through the wall and fasten on the inside with a six (6) inch washer 
and a seven-eighths ( 24 ) inch nut, washer and nut to be let into wall so as to 
form a smooth surface when plastered over; main cord of the bracket must be 
braced with a brace made from two and one-half by one-half (234 x 34) inch 
flat iron into the main angle-brace, which is made of one and three-fourths by 
one-fourth (124*^4) inch angle-iron, and must extend to the outer side of the 
balcony. 

5. STAIRWAY. 

There must be a flight of stairs between each balcony, and from first balcony 
above the ground a flight of stairs to extend to within ten (10) feet of the ground. 

The stairs must be constructed with two (2) stringers each, made with a 
„ top and bottom cord of one and one-fourth by three-sixteenths (134x3/16) inch 
angle-iron, with a rise-rail of one and one-fourth by one-fourth (134 x 34) inch 
flat iron, and a tread-rail of one and one-fourth by three-sixteenths (134x3/16) 
inch angle-iron, formed into a lattice of sufficient width to give an eight (8) inch 
tread and an eight (8) inch rise step, so that the outer edge of the step will be 
the center of the lattice, and the one and one-fourth by three-sixteenths (134 x 3/16) 
inch angle tread-rail shall also form the support for the steps. 

The steps must be formed of one and one-fourth by three-sixteenths (1^4 x 
3/16) inch angle-iron, three (3) pieces to each step. 

The stairs in no case shall be less than twenty-four (24) inches wide from 
outside to outside of stringers, and shall be placed on the outside of balcony, 
and the balcony, including stairs, must not be less than three (3) feet nine (9) 
inches wide. 




( 


PRACTICAL DEVICES FOR GUARDING DANGEROUS MACHINERY. 51 


The stairs shall have a one-half {]/ 2 ) inch round iron anchor rod, riveted to 
the top cord of the inside stair stringer about central between balconies, which 
shall anchor in the wall, to prevent vibration. 

The last flight of stairs from first balcony above the ground shall come down 
to within ten (10) feet of the ground, there to have a landing of not less than 
two (2) feet, which shall rest on a bracket as per above bracket specifications, 
bracket to be anchored through wall with six (6) inch washer and nut on inside 
(or hung on stirrups from balcony stringers above) ; at landing there shall be an 
iron ladder, twenty-one (21) inches wide and of sufficient length to reach the 
ground at an easy angle, which must be hinged and held up by counter-balance 
weights. 

6. HAND-RAILS AND BALUSTERS FOR STAIRS. 

The stairs must be provided with a hand-rail on each side, constructed of one 
and one-fourth by three-sixteenths (1^4x3/16) inch angle iron, and each alter¬ 
nate one and one-fourth by one-fourth (1/4 xJ4) inch flat iron rise-rail shall 
run through and rivet to the hand-rail forming the balusters for stairs; the filling- 
in between hand-rail and stairs shall be one (1) strip of one and one-fourth by 
one-fourth (1*4 x %) inch flat iron. 

The hand-rails for the stairs shall be braced central between balconies with a 
bracket made out of one and one-half by three-eighths (lj4x^) inch flat iron, 
riveted to top and bottom cord of stair stringers, with a one-half (J4) inch round 
brace-rod from hand-rails to bracket. 

The balusters for the stairs must be made three (3) feet high from the center 
of the tread, and must run through and fasten on the bottom cord of the stair 
stringer. 

7. MISCELLANEOUS. 

The whole must be thoroughly riveted together at every joint with suitable 
soft iron rivets, except where the stairs fasten at top and bottom to balconies, 
which shall be bolted with one-half (J4) inch iron bolts well riveted over, after 
being drawn up to their proper place. 

Everything shall be made in a thorough and workmanlike manner, in accord¬ 
ance with the above specifications, all to be given two coats of the best weather 
paint, one before being erected and one after, and the whole to be constructed 
subject to the approval of the Chief Inspector of Workshops and Factories. 

Any material variation from the above specifications will not be accepted. 

This pamphlet is not published for the purpose of advertising devices 
of manufacturers, but as a guide to persons owning and operating ma¬ 
chinery in shops and factories. There are hundreds of devices manu¬ 
factured, not mentioned in this pamphlet, just as efficient and practical, 
but it would make an endless publication to mention all, therefore the 
reason for presenting but a few of them is apparent. 

Columbus, Ohio, September 25, 1902. 






V 


LAWS OF OHIO. 


DEPARTMENT OF INSPECTION OF WORKSHOPS, 
FACTORIES AND PUBLIC BUILDINGS. 

53 


t 




0 





» 


W*. ' "^.f . 't- ’ * 



TO THE MANUFACTURERS, 

Owners or Managers of Workshops and Factories, and Others Coming 

under the Jurisdiction of this Department. 


I wish to call your attention to the importance of the following laws 
governing and regulating the Department of Inspection of Workshops 
and Factories of this State. 

These laws should be carefully read, and you are respectfully re¬ 
quested and urged to take immediate action looking to a strict adherence 
thereto. 

A close observance of the law will lessen the labor of the Department 

and add materially to the facility of our work. 

\ 1 

Very respectfully, 

CHIEF INSPECTOR. 

54 


t 




LAWS 

GOVERNING DEPARTMENT OF INSPECTION OF 
WORKSHOPS AND FACTORIES. 


Bates’ Annotated Ohio Statutes Sectional Numberings. 


WORKSHOPS AND FACTORIES. 


DISTRICTS; APPOINTMENT OF INSPECTORS, 

THEIR DUTIES, ETC. 

Section 2573a. [State divided into districts for the inspection 
of workshops and factories.] For the purpose of facilitating an effi¬ 
cient and thorough inspection of workshops and factories throughout 
the state of Ohio, and to provide an adequate inspecting force there¬ 
for, the state is hereby divided into three inspection districts, as fol¬ 
lows: The counties of Cuyahoga, Lake, Geauga, Ashtabula, Trum¬ 
bull, Portage, Summit, Medina, Lorain, Wayne, Stark, Mahoning,. 
Columbiana, Holmes, Tuscarawas, Carroll, Jefferson, Harrison, Coshoc¬ 
ton, Belmont, Ashland, Richland, Huron, Erie, Crawford, .Seneca, San¬ 
dusky, Ottawa, Lucas, Wood, Henry, Fulton, Defiance, Williams, Wy¬ 
andot, Hancock, Putnam and Paulding, shall compose the first district. 
The counties of Franklin, Delaware, Morrow, Marion, Knox, Union, 
Madison, Fayette, Pickaway, Ross, Pike, Scioto, Licking, Muskingum, 
Guernsey, Noble, Monroe, Washington, Morgan, Perry, Fairfield, Hock¬ 
ing, Athens, Vinton, Meigs, Jackson, Gallia and Lawrence, shall compose 
the second district. The counties of Hamilton, Clermont, Brown, Adams, 
Highland, Clinton, Warren, Butler, Green, Clark, Montgomery, Preble, 
Miami, Champaign, Darke, Logan, Shelby, Mercer, Hardin, Allen, Au¬ 
glaize and Van Wert, shall compose the third district. (Passed April 29, 
1885; O. L. Vol. 82, pp. 178, 179; S. & B. R. S., Vol. 1, p. 688; Bates* 
A. O. S.; Vol. 1, p. 1359 -) 

Sfxtion 2. [Appointment of inspectors.] The governor shall 
appoint one chief inspector, by and with the advice and consent of the 
senate, who, with the approval of the governor, shall appoint three district 
inspectors. The chief inspector and district inspectors shall be competent 





56 


OHIO-DEPARTMENT OF WORKSHOPS AND FACTORIES. 


and practical mechanics. The chief inspector shall hold his office for a 
term of four years and shall have his office in the state house, where shall 
be kept the records of his office, and the district inspectors shall hold 
their office for a term of three years from the first day of May after their 
respective appointments and until their successors are appointed and 
qualified; the first appointment hereunder shall be made within thirty 
‘days from the passage of this act; in case of the resignation, removal 
or death of the chief inspector, the vacancy shall be filled in the manner 
above provided for tfie original appointments for the unexpired term only 
of the position so made vacant. (Passed April 29, 1885; O. L. Vol. 82, 
p. 179; S. & B. R. S. Vol. 1, p. 668; Bates’ A. O. S. Vox. 1, p, 1359,) 

Section 2573a Sec. 3. [Powers and duties of inspectors.] The 
chief inspector and district inspectors shall give their whole time and at¬ 
tention to the duties of their offices respectively ; they shall have the power 
of notary, to administer oaths and to take affidavits in matters connected 
with the enforcement of the provisions of all laws coming under the juris¬ 
diction of the department of the inspection of workshops, factories and 
public buildings. It shall be their duty to visit all shops and factories in 
their respective districts as often as possible, to see that all the provisions 
and requirements of this act are strictly observed and carried out; they 
shall carefully inspect the sanitary condition of the same, and it shall be 
their duty to examine the system of sewerage in connection with said 
shops and factories, the situations and conditions of water-closets or 
urinals in and about such shops and factories and also the system of 
heating, lighting and ventilating all rooms in such shops and factories 
where persons are employed at daily labor; also as to the means of exit 
from all such places in case of fire or other disaster; and also all belting, 
shafting, gearing, elevators, drums and machinery of every kind and 
description in and about such shops and factories, and see that the same 
are not located so as to be dangerous to employes when engaged in their 
ordinary duties, and that the same so far as practicable, are securely 
guarded and that every vat, pan or structure filled with molten metal or 
hot liquid shall be surrounded with proper safeguards for preventing acci¬ 
dent or injury to those employed at or near them; and that all such are in 
proper sanitary condition, and are adequately provided with means of 
escape in case of fire or other disaster. Passed May 2, 1902; O. L. Vol. 
95 , P- 338 .) 

Section 2573 a 2 . [Appointment of additional inspectors.] That 

authority be and is hereby given to appoint eight additional district in¬ 
spectors ; and they shall be appointed in the same manner and possess the 
same qualifications, and whose term of office shall be the same, and on 
the same conditions, and receive the same compensation as the three 
district inspectors authorized by said section 2573a, includuing sections 
two and three thereof. The chief inspector may assign said additional 
inspectors for service in the present districts, or change and make new 


LAWS OF OHIO. 


57 


and smaller districts, and make such assignments of all the district inspec¬ 
tors as the good of the service may require.,(Passed March 23, 1892; O. 
L. Vol. 89, p. 133; Bates’ A. O. S. Vol. 1, p. 1360.) 

Section 25736. [Inspector to have free access to shops and fac¬ 
tories; proof of failure to comply with order; liability of proprietor.] 
The said inspector shall have entry into all shops and factories, includ¬ 
ing all public institutions of the state which have shops and factories, 
or either, at any reasonable time, and it shall be unlawful for the pro¬ 
prietors, agents or servants in such factories or shops to prevent, at rea¬ 
sonable hours, his entry into such shops and factories for the purpose of 
such inspection. And proof of the failure of the proprietor of any shop 
or factory to make the alteration or furnish the safeguards ordered by 
the inspector, within the time required by law, shall be deemed prima facie 
evidence of negligence and shall render such proprietor liable for any 
injury sustained by reason of such failure to make such alterations or 
furnish such safeguards. (Passed April 13, 1898; O. L. Vol. 93, p. 113; 
Bates’ A. O. S. Vol. 1, pp. 1360-61.) 

Section 2573c. [Notice of necessary alterations or additions; 
penalty for not making same; record of examinations; rules gov¬ 
erning inspectors; salaries, expenses, etc.] That said inspectors, if 
they find upon such inspection that the heating, lighting, ventilation or 
sanitary arrangement of any shop or factory is such as to be injurious 
to the health of persons employed or residing therein, or that the means 
of egress in case of fire or other disaster is not sufficient, or that efficient 
means for extinguishing fire is not provided on each floor, or that the 
belting, shafting, gearing, elevators, drums and machinery in such shops 
and factories are located so as to be dangerous to employes, and not 
sufficiently guarded, or that the vats, pans or structures filled with molten 
metal or hot liquid are not surrounded with proper safeguards for pre¬ 
venting accident or injury to those employed at or near them, shall notify 
the owners, proprietors or agents of such shops or factories, or report the 
same to the chief inspector, who shall notify, in writing, the owners, pro¬ 
prietors or agents of such shops or factories by mailing such notification 
to the last known address of such owners, proprietors or agents to make 
the alterations or additions necessary without delay; provided, however, 
that for such of the alterations and additions ordered as may be of such 
nature as to make it impossible to comply with immediately, the chief in¬ 
spector may grant from fifteen (15) to thirty (30) days’ time from date 
of first notification to such owners, proprietors or agents, in which to 
make such alterations and additions, and if such alterations 
are not made within the limit of time granted, such owners, 
proprietors or agents so notified, shall be deemed guilty of a misde¬ 
meanor, and upon conviction thereof, shall be fined not more than five 
hundred (500) dollars, and not less than fifty (50) dollars, and ten (10) 
dollars additional for each day after such conviction, until such alterations 


58 OHIO-DEPARTMENT OF WORKSHOPS AND FACTORIES. 

and additions necessary have been made, which fine shall be paid into 
the treasury of the county in which conviction is had. I he district in¬ 
spectors shall make a record of all examinations of shops and factories 
in their respective districts, showing the date when made, the condition 
in which such shops and factories are found, and what changes were 
ordered, the number of shops and factories in their respective districts, the 
number of men, women and children employed in each shop or factory, to¬ 
gether with all such other facts and information of public interest, concern¬ 
ing the condition of such shops and factories, as they may think useful and 
proper, which record shall be filed in the office of the chief inspector every 
week, and so much thereof as may be of public interest to be included in 
his annual report. The chief inspector shall issue such instructions, make 
such rules and regulations for the government of the district inspectors 
not inconsistent with the powers and duties vested in them by law, as shall 
secure uniformity of action and proceedings throughout the different dis¬ 
tricts. The salary of the chief inspector shall be two thousand dollars 
($2,000) per annum, and the district inspectors one thousand dollars 
($1,000) each per annum, which salaries and all necessary traveling ex¬ 
penses incurred by said inspectors in the discharge of their official duties, 
shall be paid out of the treasury of the state, from any fund therein not 
otherwise appropriated, on the warrant of the auditor, on the presentation 
to him of the proper vouchers. (Passed March 3, 1898; O. L. Vol. 93, pp. 
30, 31; Bates’ A. O. S. Vol. 1, pp. 1361-62.) 

Section 2573d. [Shops and factories defined; who to make 
permanent improvements ordered by state inspector.] The term 
“shops and factories,” as used in section 2573b and 2573c of the Revised 
Statutes, shall be held to include the following: Manufacturing, mechan¬ 
ical, electrical, mercantile, art and laundrying establishments, printing, 
telegraph and telephone offices, railroad depots, hotels, memorial build¬ 
ings, tenement and apartment houses; and in case it is found on inspection 
under section 2573c that the means of egress in case of fire or other disaster 
is not sufficient in any shop or factory, as defined herein, or when found 
necessary for cutting through walls or floors for additional exit, or pro¬ 
viding additional stairways as exit on the inside or outside of such shops 
and factories, or where it is necessary for changes or additions for ventila¬ 
tion, sewerage or water-closets, or plumbing in connection with closets or 
for additional means of lighting by windows or by skylights, or for pro¬ 
viding efficient safety-gates at elevator openings, or guarding hatchways, 
for any holisting apparatus in floors or outside of any such shops and 
factories, or for the repair of elevators or gearing, or for the repair of 
walls, roofs, ceilings, stairways or doors, or any other improvements neces¬ 
sary for the health or safety of employes or persons occupying such shops 
and factories, such changes or additions being of a permanent and fixed 
character, and which, after provided, become a permanent fixture and the 
property of the owner or owners of the building or buildings of such 


LAWS OF OHIO. 


59 


shops and factories, the owner or agent for the owner of such building 
shall be required by the state inspector, upon notice and under the penalties 
of the said section 2573c, to provide the necessary fire-escapes or other 
changes and additions as are mentioned in this section. (Passed April 18, 
i893; O. L. Vol. 90, p. 190; Bates’ A. O. S. Vol. 1, pp. 1362-63.) 

GUARDING OF MACHINERY IN WORKSHOPS. 

Section i. [Protection against injury by machinery.] That 
owners and operators of factories and workshops, which terms shall mean 
all manufacturing, mechanical, electrical and mercantile establishments, 
and all places where machinery of any kind is used or operated, shall take 
ordinary care, and make such suitable provisions as to prevent injury to 
persons who may come in contact with any such machinery, or any part 
thereof; and such ordinary care and such suitable provisions shall include 
the casing or boxing of all shafting when operating horizontally near 
floors, or when in perpendicular or other position operating between, from, 
on through floors, or traversing near floors, or when operating near passage¬ 
way, or directly over the heads of employes; the enclosure of all exposed 
cogwheels, flywheels, handwheels, all main belts transmitting power from 
engine to dynamo, or other kind of machinery, and all openings through 
floors, through, or in which such wheels or belts may operate, with sub¬ 
stantial railing; the covering, cutting off, or countersinking of keys, bolts, 
set-screws, and all parts of wheels, shafting, or other revolving machinery, 
projecting unevenly from and beyond the surface of such revolving parts 
of such machinery; the railing in all unused elevator openings, the placing 
of automatic gates or floor doors, and the keeping of same in good con¬ 
dition', on each floor from which and where on each side, or sides, of 
elevator openings, entrance to the elevator carriage is obtained, the fre¬ 
quent examination and keeping in sound condition of ropes, gearing, and 
other parts of elevators, the closing of stair openings on all floors, except 
where access to stairs is obtained, and the railing of stairs between floors, 
the lighting of hallways, rooms, approaches to rooms, basements and other 
places wherein sufficient daylight is not obtainable; the guarding of all 
saws and other wood-cutting and wood-shaping machinery, providing 
shifters for shifting-belts, and poles and other appliances for removing 
and replacing belts on single pulleys, and adjusting runways, and staging 
used for oiling and other purposes, more than five feet from floors with 
hand-railing, and providing counter shafting with tight and loose pulleys 
or such other suitable appliances, in each room, separate from the engine 
room, for disconnecting machinery from other machinery when in opera¬ 
tion. (Passed March 20,. 1900; O. L. Vol. 94, p. 42.) 

Section 2. [Penalty.] Any owner or operator of a factory or 
workshop, as defined in section one of this act, who violates any of the 
provisions of said section, shall be fined for the first offense not exceeding 
one hundred dollars, and for every subsequent offense not less than fifty 


60 OHIO-DEPARTMENT OF WORKSHOPS AND FACTORIES. 

dollars nor more than five hundred dollars. (Passed March 20, 1900; 
O. L. Vol. 94, p. 42.) 

Section 3. [Power of inspector of workshops and factories to 
enforce this act.] The chief inspector or any district inspector of 
workshops and factories, who shall obtain knowledge of violation of the 
provisions of section one of this act, is hereby authorized whenever he 
may deem it advisable to paste upon any machine, device, elevator, utensil, 
structure or machinery, or part of machinery of any kind, a notice stating 
that such machine, device, elevator, structure or machinery, or part of 
machinery of any kind, is dangerous to use or operate, and that operatives 
or employes are liable to injury by its use or operation, and such notice 
shall designate and describe the alteration or other change necessary to 
be made in order to insure safety of operation, the date of inspection and 
the time allowed for such alteration or change to be made, and no such 
machine, device, elevator, utensil, structure or machinery of any kind, 
shall be used or operated after such notice is posted thereon, until such 
change or alteration is made to the satisfaction of the inspector having 
made such recommendation. (Passed March 20, 1900; O. L. Vol. 

9 TP- 43 -) . , 

Section 4. [Penalty for violation of section three of this act.] 

Any owner or operator of a factory or workshop who violates any of the 
provisions of section three of this act shall be fined for the first offense 
not less than twenty-five nor more than one hundred dollars, and for every 
subsequent offense, not less than fifty nor more than five hundred dollars. 
(Passed March 20, 1900; O. L. Vol. 94, p. 43.) 

Section 5. [Who shall prosecute.] It shall be the duty of the 
chief inspector and any district inspector of workshops and factories to 
prosecute all violations of the provisions of this act. (Passed March 20, 
.1900; O. L. Vol. 94, p. 43.) 

ACCIDENTS IN WORKSHOPS, ETC. 

(Section 2573-1) Sec. 1. [Manufacturers to report certain acci¬ 
dents to chief inspector Workshops.] That it shall be the duty of all 
manufacturers of the state to forward by mail to the chief inspector 
of workshops and factories at Columbus, a report of each and every 
serious accident resulting in bodily injury to any person which may 
occur in their establishment, giving particulars of the same as fully 
as can be ascertained, upon blanks which shall be furnished by the 
chief inspector of workshops and factories. If death shall result to 
any employe from any such accident, said report shall contain the age, 
name, sex and employment of the deceased, whether married, the num¬ 
ber of persons, if any, deprived of support in consequence thereof, and 
the cause of accident, if known. If the accident has caused bodily injury 
of such a nature as to prevent the person injured from returning to his 
or her employment within six or more days after the occurrence of the' 


LAWS OF OHIO. 


61 


accident, then the report shall contain the age, name, sex, and employment 
of the disabled, the nature and extent of the injury received, how caused, 
if known, how long continually disabled, loss of time and wages therefrom, 
and, if possible, the expense thereby incurred in full. (Passed March 21, 
1888; O. L. Vol. 85, pp. 99, 100; S. & B. R. S. Vol. 2, p. 2242; Bates’ A. O. 
S. Vol. 1, p. 1363.) 

(Section 2573-2) Sec. 2. [Report of accidental death or injury 
penalty for failure; “manufacturer” defined.] That any manufac¬ 
turer who shall fail to comply with the requirements of this act in each 
case of death by accident within seven days thereafter, and in each case 
of injury by accident within thirty days thereafter, shall be deemed guilty 
of a misdemeanor, and on conviction thereof before any court of competent 
jurisdiction, shall be fined in any sum not less than ten dollars nor more 
than fifty dollars. The term manufacturer, as applied in section one and 
in section two of this act, shall be held to mean any person who, as owner, 
manager, lessee, assignee, receiver, contractor, or who, as agent of any 
incorporated company makes or causes to be made or who deals in any 
kind of goods or merchandise, or who owns, controls or operates any 
street railway or laundrying establishment, or is engaged in the con¬ 
struction of buildings, bridges or structures, or in loading or unloading 
vessels* or cars, or moving heavy materials, or operating dangerous ma¬ 
chinery, or in the manufacture or use of explosives. (Passed March 9, 
1898; O. L. Vol. 93, p. 43; Bates’ A. O. S. Vol. 1, p. 1363.) , 

(Section 2573-3) Sec. 3. [Chief inspector to supply blanks.] It 
shall be. the duty of the chief inspector of workshops and factories to 
supply all blanks necessary to make said reports, as required in this 
act and to prosecute all violations of this act, when the same shall come 
to his knowledge; provided, that the furnishing of said blanks shall be a 
condition precedent to prosecution in any case. (Passed March 21, 1888; 
O. L. Vol. 85, p. 100; S. & B. R. S. Vol. 2, p. 2242; Bates' A. O. S. Vol. 
1, p. 1364.) 

MINORS IN WORKSHOPS. 

ACT RELATING TO UNLAWFUL RETENTION OF WAGES FROM MINORS 

( BY EMPLOYERS. 

Section 4364-65. [Unlawful to retain wages from minors.] 
That it shall be unlawful for any person, company or corporation doing 
business in the state of Ohio, to retain or withhold from an employe, male 
or female, who is a minor, the wages or compensation, or any part thereof, 
agreed to be paid to such employe, and due to the same for work performed 
or services rendered, because of presumed negligence or failure to comply 
with rules or for breakage of machinery, or for alleged incompetency 
to produce work or to perform labor in accordance with any standard 
of merit set up ; nor shall any firm, corporation, or individual, as aforesaid, 
receive any guarantee, bonus, or money deposit, or any other form of 



62 


OHIO — DEPARTMENT OF WORKSHOPS AND FACTORIES. 


security, in order to obtain or to secure for any such minor employment, 
or to insure faithful performance of labor, or to guarantee strict observ¬ 
ance of rules, or to make good any losses which may be ascribed or 
charged to the incompetence, negligence or inability of such minor em¬ 
ploye. (Passed March I, 1893; O. L. Vol. 90, p. 56; Bates’ A. O. S. Vol. 
2, p. 2429.) 

Section 4364-66. [Provisions governing employment of minors.] 

That no person, company or corporation, as aforesaid, shall give employ¬ 
ment to any minor, without agreeing with said minor what wages or 
compensation he or she shall be entitled to receive per day, week, month 
or year or per piece for work performed; and written evidence of such 
agreement shall be furnished to such minor, and on or before each pay 
day a statement of earnings due, and the amount therof to be paid to him 
or her on such pay day shall be given to such minor, and no subsequent 
change shall be made in the wages or compensation of such minor with¬ 
out notice of the same being given to him or her at least twenty-four 
hours previous to its going into effect, and when such change is effected 
written agreement shall be given as in the first instance to said minor 
employe. (Passed May 12, 1902; O. L. Vol. 95, p. 598.) 

Section 4364-67. [Penalty for violation; duties inspector work¬ 
shops.] Any person or officer, or agent of any company or corpor¬ 
ation, who shall violate any of the provisions of this act shall be deemed 
guilty of a misdemeanor, and upon conviction thereof in any court of com¬ 
petent jurisdiction, be fined in any sum not exceeding two hundred dollars, 
or imprisonment in the county jail for a period not exceeding six months, 
or both, at the discretion of the court; and it is hereby declared to be the 
duty of the state inspector of workshops and factories to see that the 
provisions of this act shall be enforced. (Passed March 1, 1893; O. L. 
Vol. 90, p. 56; Bates’ A. O. S. Vol. 2, p. 2429.) 

act preventing employment of minors under sixteen years of age 

AT DANGEROUS MACHINERY, ETC. 

(Section 6986-1) Sec. 1. [Preventing employment of children 
in certain occupations.] That no child under the age of sixteen years 
shall be employed by any person, firm or corporation in this state, at 
employment whereby its life or limb is endangered, or its health is 
likely to be injured, or its morals may be depraved by such employment. 
(Passed April 8, 1890; O. L. Vol. 87, p. 161 ; Bates’ A. O. S. Vol. 2, p. 

3376.) 

(Section 6986-2) Sec. 2. [Penalty for violation.] Any person, 
firm or corporation in this state, who wilfully causes or permits the life 
or limb of any child under the age of sixteen years to be endangered, 
or its health to be injured, or its morals to become depraved from and 
while actually in their employ, or who wilfully permits such child to be 


LAWS OF OHIO. 


63 


placed in such a position or to engage in such employment that its life 
or limb is in danger, or its health likely to be injured, or its morals 
likely to be impaired by such position or employment, shall be deemed 
guilty of a misdemeanor, and upon conviction thereof shall be fined in any 
sum not less than ten (io) dollars nor more than fifty (50) dollars, or im¬ 
prisonment not less than thirty nor more than ninety days for each and 
every offense. (Passed April 8, 1890; O. L. Vol. 87, p. 161; Bates’ A. 
O. S. Vol. 2, p. 3376.) 

(Section 6986-3) Sec. 3. [Duty of inspector.] It shall be the 
duty of the state inspector of workshops and factories to enforce the 
provisions of this act. (Passed April 8, 1890; O. L. Vol. 87, p. 161; 
Bates’ A. O. S. Vol. 2, p. 3376.) 

As the foregoing act relative to the employment of minors under 
the age of sixteen years does not designate what occupations are dan¬ 
gerous to life, limb and health, or name employment which would be 
likely to deprave the morals of such minors, all persons employing minors 
will be guided by the following: 

•s / 

EMPLOYMENT AT WHICH CHILDREN UNDER SIXTEEN YEARS OF AGE SHALL 

NOT BE ENGAGED. 

No child under the age of sixteen years shall be employed at sewing 
belts, or to assist in sewing belts in any capacity whatever; nor shall 
any such child adjust any belt to any machinery; they shall not oil or 
assist in oiling, wiping or cleaning machinery; they shall not operate or 
assist in operating circular or band-saws, wood-shapers, wood-jointers, 
planers, sandpaper or wood-polishing machinery, emery or polishing 
wheels used for polishing metal, wood-turning or boring machinery, 
stamping machines in sheet metal an'd tinware manufacturing, stamping 
machines in washer and nut factories, operating corrugating rolls, such as 
are used in roofing or wash-board factories; nor shall they be employed 
in operating any steam boiler, steam machinery or other steam generating 
apparatus; they shall not operate or assist in operating dough brakes or 
cracker machinery of any description; wire or iron straightening machin¬ 
ery; nor shall they operate or assist in operating rolling mill machinery, 
punches or shears, washing, grinding or mixing mills, or calendar rolls in 
rubber manufacturing; nor shall they operate or assist in operating laun- 
drying machinery; nor shall children be employed in any capacity in pre¬ 
paring composition for matches, or dipping, dyeing, or packing matches; 
they shall not be employed in any capacity in the manufacture of paints, 
colors or white lead; nor shall they be employed in any capacity what¬ 
ever in operating or assisting to operate any passenger or freight elevator; 
nor shall they be employed in any capacity whatever in the manufacture of 
goods for immoral purposes, or any other employment that may be con¬ 
sidered dangerous to their lives and limbs, or where dieir health may be 


64 


OHIO — DEPARTMENT OF WORKSHOPS AND FACTORIES. 


injured or morals depraved; nor shall females under sixteen years of age 
be employed in any capacity where such employment compels them to 
remain standing constantly. — [Chief Inspector.] 

ACT REGULATING AGE AND NUMBER HOURS MINORS MAY BE EMPLOYED PER 

DAY OR WEEK, ETC. 

Section 6986-7. [Unlawful employment of minors.] No child 

under the age of fourteen years shall be employed in any factory, work¬ 
shop, mercantile or other establishment, directly or indirectly at any time; 
and no such child under said age shall be employed in any other manner, 
whether it be for compensation or otherwise, when the public schools 
in which district such child resides are in session. It shall be the duty of 
every person employing minors under the age of eighteen years to keep 
a register in which shall be recorded the name, birthplace, age and place 
of residence of every minor employed by him under the age of eighteen 
years. (Passed May 12, 1902; O. L. Vol. 95, p. 598.) 

Section 6986-8. [Night employment; number hours employ¬ 
ment; noon meal; notices posted by employers.] No boy under 
sixteen years of age and no girl under eighteen years of age, shall be 
employed at any work at night time later than seven o’clock in the eve¬ 
ning nor earlier than six o’clock in the morning, and no minor under 
eighteen years of age shall be employed in any of the places named in 
section 6986-7 of the Revised Statutes of Ohio for a longer period than 
ten hours in one day, nor more than fifty-five hours in one week; and 
every such minor under eighteen years of age shall be entitled to no less 
than thirty minutes for meal time at noon, but such meal time shall not 
be included as part of the work hours of the day; and every employer shall 
post in a conspicuous place in every room where such minors are employed 
a printed notice stating the maximum number of work hours required 
in one week, and in each day of the week from such minors, such printed 
notice to be furnished by the chief inspector of workshops and factories, 
and approved by the attorney general. (Passed May 12, 1902; O. L. Vol. 
95, pp. 598 - 599 -) 

Section 6986-9. [Penalty.] Any person or corporation who 
shall employ any minor contrary to the provisions of this act, or who 
shall violate any of the provisions thereof, shall upon conviction be fined 
in any sum not less than twenty dollars nor more than fifty dollars, or 
imprisoned not less than ten nor more than thirty days. (Passed April 
19, 1898 ; O. L. Vol. 93, p. 124; Bates’ A. O. S. Vol. 2, p. 3377.) 

Section 6986-10. [Duty of inspector of workshops and fac¬ 
tories; enforcement of school attendance; fines to be paid into 
school fund.] It shall be the duty of the inspector of workshops and 
factories to prosecute all violations of this act, when the same shall come 
to his knowledge, before competent authority, and the chief and district 


LAWS OF OHIO. 


65 


inspectors of workshops shall have authority the same as is invested in 
the truant officer of any school district to enforce school attendance of any 
child found violating the school laws, or he shall make complaint of such 
violation to such truant officer, or to the clerk of the board of educa¬ 
tion in said district; and all fines collected under this act shall inure to 
the benefit of the school fund of the district where the offense was com- 
mitteed. (Passed April 19, 1898; O. L. Vol. 93, p. 124; Bates’ A. Q. 
S. Vol. 2, p. 3377.) 

FEMALES IN WORKSHOPS. 

(Section 4364-69) Sec. 1. [Seats for female employes; how con- 
constructed; dressing-rooms and closets; closets not to be placed 
in basement or cellar; exception; outside closets; inspection.] That 
every person or corporation employing female employes in any manu¬ 
facturing, mechanical or mercantile establishments in this state, shall 
provide a suitable seat for the use of each female employe so em¬ 
ployed, and shall permit the use of such by them when they are not 
♦necessarily engaged in the active duties for which they are employed, 
and shall permit the use of such seats at all times when such use would 
not actually and necessarily interfere with the proper discharge of the 
duties of such employes, and such seat shall be constructed or adjusted 
where practicable so as to be a fixture and not obstruct such female 
when actually engaged in the performance of such duties when such 
seat cannot be used; and the owner of the building shall provide, on 
the same floor, or floor immediately above or below, of the building 
wherein any female persons are employed, suitable and separate toilet 
and dressing-rooms and water-closets for the exclusive use of such female 
employes, and where possible, such dressing rooms and water-closets 
shall be situated together, with one water-closet for every twenty-five 
females or less, and where there are more than twenty-five there shall be 
provided an additional water-closet, up to the number of fifty, and above 
that number in the same ratio; provided, that no such closet for the 
use of females shall be placed in a basement or cellar, unless such base¬ 
ment or cellar is used for manufacturing, mechanical or mercantile 
purposes, and females are employed therein; and, provided, further, 
that such closets, in the same ratio as above mentioned, shall be placed 
on the outside of such building at a distance not to exceed twenty feet 
in such cities, towns and villages as are not provided with a system 
of waterworks; unless such building is provided with a dry closet 
system such closets to be kept in good sanitary condition at all times. 
The state inspector of factories and workshops is hereby charged with 
the duty of seeing that the provisions of this section are observed and 
enforced. (Passed March 9, 1898 ; O. L. Vol. 93, p. 36; Bates’ A. O. S, 
Vol. 2, pp. 2429-30.) 


m 


OHIO — DEPARTMENT OF WORKSHOPS AND FACTORIES. 


(Section 4364-70) Sec. 2. [Penalty.] Any person or corpora¬ 
tion violating any of the provisions of this act shall be deemed guilty 
of a misdemeanor, and on conviction thereof before any court of com¬ 
petent jurisdiction shall be punished by a fine of not less than ten dollars 
nor more than twenty-five dollars for each offense. (Passed March 9, 
1898; O. L. Vol. 93, p. 36; Bates’ A. O. S. Vol. 2, p. 2430.) 

BAKESHOPS. 

i 

» 

(Section 4364-71) Sec. 1. [Drainage, plumbing and ventilation 
of bakeries.] All buildings or rooms occupied as biscuit, bread or 
cake bakeries shall be drained and plumbed in a manner to conduce to 
the proper healthful and sanitary condition thereof, and constructed with 
air-shafts, windows or ventilating pipes, sufficient to insure ventilation, 
such as the chief or district inspector shall direct; and no cellar or base¬ 
ment not now used as a bakery, shall be hereafter used and occupied as 
a bakery, and a cellar heretofore occupied shall, when once closed, not 
be reopened, unless the proprietor shall have previously complied with 
the provisions of this act. (Passed April 21, 1898; O. L. Vol. 93, pp. 
159, 160; Bates’ A. O. S. Vol. 2, p. 2430.) 

(Section 4364-72) Sec. 2. [Wash-rooms, water-closets, earth- 
closets, privy or ash-pit.] Every such bakery shall be provided with 
a proper wash-room and water-closet or closets, apart from the bake- 
room or rooms where the manufacturing of such food products is con¬ 
ducted ; and no water-closet, earth closet, privy, or ash-pit shall be within 
or communicate directly with a bakeshop, or any bakery for a hotel or 
public restaurant. (Passed April 21 1898; O. L. Vol. 93, p. 160; Bates’ 
A. O. S. Vol. 2, p. 2430.) 

(Section 4364-73) Sec. 3. [Height of room; side walls and ceil¬ 
ings; furniture and utensils.] Every room used for the manufacture 
of flour or meal food shall be at least eight feet in height; the side 
walls of such rooms shall be plastered or wainscoted, ceiling plastered 
or ceiled with lumber or metal, and if required by the inspector, shall 
be whitewashed at least once in three months, and the furniture and 
utensils of such rooms shall be so arranged as' to be easily moved, that 
the furniture and floor may at all times be kept in proper healthful sani¬ 
tary condition. (Passed April 21, 1898; O. L. Vol. 93, p. 160; Bates’ A. 
O. S. Vol. 2, pp. 2430-31.) 

(Section 4364-74) Sec. 4. [Storage of manufactured products.] 
The manufactured flour or meal food products shall be kept in perfect 
dry and airy rooms, so arranged that the floors, shelves, and all other 
facilities for storing the same can be easily and perfectly cleaned. (Passed 
April 21, 1898; O. L. Vol. 93, .p. 160; Bates’ A. O. S. Vol. 2, p. 2431.) 

(Section 43 6 4 - 75 ) Sec. 5. [Sleeping places.] The sleeping 
places for persons employed in a bakery shall be kept separate from 


LAWS OF OHIO. 


67 


the room or rooms where flour or meal products are manufactured or 
stored, and the chief inspector* or district inspector may inspect such 
sleeping places, if they are on the same premises as the bakery, and 
order them cleaned or changed in compliance with sanitary principles. 
(Passed April 21, 1898; O. L. Vol. 93, p. 160; Bates’ A. O. S. Vol. 2, 
p. 2431.) 

(Section 4364-76) Sec. 6. [Chief inspector may issue certificate.] 
After the inspection of a bakery has been made and it is found to 
conform to this act, the chief inspector may issue a certificate to the 
owner or operator of such bakery, that it is conducted in compliance 
with all the provisions of this act; but where orders are issued by the 
inspector to improve the condition of a bakery no such certificate shall be 
issued until such order and the provisions of this act shall have been 
complied with. (Passed April 21, 1898; O. L. Vol. 93, p. 160; Bates’ 
A. O. S. Vol. 2, p. 2431.) 

(Section 4364-77) Sec. 7. [Additional district inspectors.] For 

the purpose of enforcing this act, the chief inspector of workshops and 
factories shall appoint two additional district inspectors who shall be 
appointed in the same manner and possess the same qualifications, and 
whose term of office shall be the same, and on the same conditions and 
clothed with the same powers, and receive the same compensation as the 
district inspector authorized by section 2573a including sections two and 
three, section 2573a-2, 2573b and 2573c Revised Statutes. (Passed April 
21, 1898; O. L. Vol. 93, p. .160; Bates’ A. O. S. Vol. 2, p. 2431.) 

(Section 4364-78) Sec. 8. [Compliance with notice requiring al¬ 
terations; form and service of such notice.] The owner, agent or 
lessee of any property affected by the provisions of this act, shall within 
thirty days after the service of a notice requiring any alterations to be 
made in or upon such premises, comply therewith, and such notice shall 
be in writing and may be served upon such owner, agent or lessee either 
personally or by mail, and a notice mailed to the last known address of 
such owner, agent or lessee, shall be deemed sufficient for the purpose of 
this act. (Passed April 21, 1898; O. L. Vol. 93, pp. 160, 161; Bates’ 
A. O. S. Vol. 2, p. 2431.) 

(Section 4364-79) Sec. 9. [Penalty for violations or refusal to 
comply with requirement of inspector.] Any person who violates 
the provisions of this act or refuses to comply, with any requirement of 
the chief or district inspector, as provided herein, shall be guilty of a 
misdemeanor, and on conviction thereof before any court of competent 
jurisdiction, shall be punished by a fine of not less than twenty nor 
more than fifty dollars for the first offense, and not less than fifty nor 
more than one hundred dollars for the second offence, or imprisonment 
for not more than ten days, and for the third offense by a fine of not 
less than two hundred dollars and not more than thirty days imprison- 


68 


OHIO — DEPARTMENT OF WORKSHOPS AND FACTORIES. 


ment. (Passed April 21, 1898; O. L. Vol. 93, p. 161; Bates’ A. O. S. 
Vol. 2, p. 2431.) 

SWEAT SHOPS. 

(Section 4364-80) Sec. 1. [Requirements and regulations to 
which room or apartment where certain goods manufactured must 
conform.] That no dwelling or building, or any room or apartment 
of itself, in, or connected with any tenement or dwelling or other build¬ 
ing, shall be used except by the immediate members of the family living 
therein for carrying on any process of making any kind of wearing ap¬ 
parel, or goods for male or female wear, use, or adornment, or for the 
manufacture of cigars, cigarettes, or tobacco goods in any form, when 
such wearing apparel or other goods are to be exposed for sale, or to be 
sold by manufacturer, wholesaler or jobber, to the trade or by retail, unless 
such room or apartments shall have been made to conform to the re¬ 
quirements and regulations provided for in this act. (Passed April 27, 
1896; O. L. Vol. 92, p. 317; Bates’ A. O. S. Vol. 2, pp. 2431-32.) 

(Section 4364-81) Sec. 2. [Requirements and regulations in de¬ 
tail; powers and duties of inspector of factories or assistants.] Each 
such room or apartment used for the purposes aforesaid, shall be re¬ 
garded as a workshop or factory, and shall be separate from and have 
no door, window or other opening into any living or sleeping room 
of any tenement or dwelling, and no such workshop or factory shall 
be used at any time for living or sleeping purposes, and shall contain 
no bed, bedding, cooking or other utensils, except what is required to 
carry on the work therein; and every such shop or factory shall have 
an entrance from the outside direct, and if above the first floor shall 
have a separate and distinct stairway leading thereto, and every such 
workshop or factory shall be well and sufficiently lighted, heated and 
ventilated by ordinary, or, if necessary, by mechanical appliance, and 
shall provide for each person employed therein, no less than 250 cubic 
feet of air 'space in day time, and 400 cubic feet at night, and £hall 
have suitable closet arrangements for each sex employed therein, as 
follows: Where there are ten or more persons, and three or more to the 
number of twenty, are of either sex, a separate and distinct water-closet, 
either inside the building, with adequate plumbing connections, or on the 
outside at least twenty feet from the building, shall be provided for each 
sex ; when the number employed is more than twenty-five of either sex, 
there shall be provided an additional water-closet for such sex up to the 
number of fifty persons, and above that number in the same ratio, and 
all such closets shall be kept strictly and exclusively for the use of the 
employes and employer or employers of such workshop or factory; pro¬ 
vided that where more than one room is used under the direction of one 
employer, all such rooms are to be regarded as one shop, or factory, and 
every such workshop or factory shall he kept in a clean and wholesome 


LAWS OF OHIO. 


69 


condition, all stairways and the premises within a radius of thirty feet 
shall be kept clean, and closets shall be regularly disinfected and supplied 
with disinfectants, and the inspector of factories or his assistants may 
require all necessary changes or any process of cleaning, painting or 
whitewashing which he may deem essential to assure absolute freedom 
from obnoxious odor, filth, vermin, decaying matter or any condition 
liable to impair health or breed infectious or contagious diseases; he 
shall prevent the operation of such shops and factories that do not con¬ 
form to the provisions of this act, and cause the arrest and prosecu¬ 
tion of the person or persons operating the same. (Passed April 27, 
1896; O. L. Vol. 92, pp. 317, 318; Bates’ A. O. S. Vol. 2, p. 2432.) 

(Section 4364-82) Sec. 3. [Noncomplier debarred from work or 
contract.] No person, for himself or for any other person, firm or 
corporation, shall give out work to or contract with any other person to 
perform such work necessary to make such goods mentioned in section 
one, after having received notice from the inspector of factories or his 
assistants, that said latter person has not complied with the provisions 
of section two of this act, which notice shall remain in force until said 
person has complied with this law, of which notice must be given to the 
employer by the inspector of factories or his assistants. (Passed April 
27, 1896; O. L. Vol. 92, p. 318; Bates’ A. O. S. Vol. 2, p. 2432.) 

(Section 4364-83) Sec. 4. [Record to be kept by employers.] 
Every such person, firm or corporation heretofore mentioned shall obtain 
and keep a record of all persons to whom work is given out or contracted 
for, including their names and addresses, which record shall be opened 
to inspection of the state inspector of workshops and factories when called 
for. (Passed April 27, 1896; O. L. Vol. 92, p. 318; Bates’ A. O. S. Vol. 
2, p. 2432.) 

(Section 4364-84) Sec. 5. [Traffic in goods made in violation 
prohibited; what not included; by whom violations prosecuted.] No 

person, firm or corporation shall receive, handle or convey to others, or 
sell, hold in stock or expose for sale any goods mentioned in section 
one, unless made under the sanitary conditions provided for and pre¬ 
scribed in this act; but this act shall not include the making of garments 
or other goods by any person for another by personal order, and when 
received for wear or use direct from the maker's hands, and all viola¬ 
tions of the provisions of this act shall be prosecuted by the inspector 
with the advice and consent of the chief inspector of workshops and fac¬ 
tories. (Passed April 27, 1896; O. L. Vol. 92, pp. 318, 319; Bates’ A. 
O. S. Vol. 2, pp. 2432-33.) 

(Section 4364-85) Sec. 6. [Penalty for violation; disposition of 
fine; costs in prosecution.] Any person, firm or corporation who 
shall violate any of the provisions of this act shall, upon conviction 
thereof, be fined in any sum not less than fifty dollars nor more than 
one hundred dollars for each offense, or imprisoned not less than thirty 


70 


OHIO — DEPARTMENT OF WORKSHOPS AND FACTORIES. 


nor more than sixty days or both, at the option of the court, such fine 
to be collected by the court in which conviction is had and turned over 
to the chief inspector of workshops and factories, and by him to be paid 
into the state treasury to be credited to the general revenue fund; and in 
all prosecutions brought by or under the direction of the inspector of 
workshops and factories for the violation of this act, he shall not be held 
to give security for costs, or adjudged to pay any costs, but in all cases 
where the accused be acquitted or is found to be indigent, the costs shall 
be paid out of the county treasury of the county in which proceedings 
are brought, the same as the costs in all other cases of misdemeanor. 
(Passed April 27, 1896; O. L. Vol. 92, p. 319; Bates’ A. O. S. Vol. 2, 
page 2433.) 

BLOWERS IN WORKSHOPS. 

(Section 4364-86) Sec. 1. [Blowers required in factory or work¬ 
shop where dust-creating machinery is used; exemption.] That all 

persons, companies or corporations operating any factory or workshop, 
where emery wheels or emery belts of any description are used, either 
solid emery, leather, leather covered, felt, canvass, linen, paper, cotton, or 
wheels or belts rolled or coated with emery or corundum or cotton 
wheels used as buffs shall provide the same with blowers, or similar 
apparatus, which shall be placed over, beside or under such wheels or belts 
in such a manner as to protect the person or persons using the same from 
the particles of the dust produced or caused thereby, and to carry away 
the dust arising from or thrown off by such wheels or belts while in opera¬ 
tion, directly to the outside of the building, or to some receptacle place, 
so as to receive and confine such dust; provided, that grinding machines 
upon which water is used at the point of the grinding contact and small 
emery wheels that are used temporarily for tool grinding and small shops 
employing not more than one man at such work and do not create dust 
enough in the opinion of the inspector to be injurious to the operator, 
shall be exempt from the provisions of this act. (Passed April 21, 1898; 
O. L. Vol. 93, p. 155; Bates’ A. O. S. Vol. 2, p. 2433.) 

(Section 4364-87) Sec. 2. [Operator’s duty to provide apparatus; 
how wheels to be fitted.] It shall be the duty of any person, company 
or corporation operating any such factory or workshop to provide or con¬ 
struct such appliances, apparatus, machinery or other things necessary 
to carry out the purpose of this act, as set forth in the preceding section, 
as follows: Each and every such wheel shall be fitted with a sheet or cast 
iron hood or hopper of such form so applied to such wheel or wheels that 
the dust or refuse therefrom will fall from such wheels, or will be thrown 
into such hood or hopper by centrifugal force and be carried off by the 
current of air into a suction pipe attached to same hood or hopper. (Passed 
April 21, 1898; O. L. Vol. 93, p. 155 ; Bates, A. O. S. Vol. 2, p. 2433.) 

(Section 4364-88) Sec. 3. [Branch suction pipes; main suction 
pipes.] Each and every such wheel, six inches or less in diameter, 


LAWS OF OHIO. 


71 


shall be provided with a three-inch suction pipe; wheels six inches to 
twenty-four inches in diameter with four-inch suction pipe; wheels from 
twenty-four inches to thirty-six inches ip diameter with five-inch suction 
pipe; and all wheels larger in diameter than those stated above shall be 
provided each with a suction pipe not less than six inches in diameter. 
The suction pipe from each wheel, so specified, must be full size to the 
main trunk suction pipe and the main suction pipe to which smaller pipes 
are attached shall, in its diameter and capacity, be equal to the combined 
area of such smaller pipes attached to the same, and the discharge pipe 
from the exhaust fan, conncted with such suction pipe or pipes, shall be 
as large, or larger, than the suction pipe. (Passed April 21, 1898; O. L. 
Vol. 93, pp. 155, 156; Bates’ A. O. S. Vol. 2, pp. 2433-34.) 

(Section 4364-89) Sec. 4. [Fans or blowers; branch suction pipes 
to connect with main pipe; location of main pipe.] It shall be the 
duty of any person, company or corporation operating any such factory 
or workshop to provide the necessary fans or blowers to be connected with 
such pipe or pipes, as set forth in this act, which shall be run at a rate 
of speed such as will produce a velocity of air in such suction or discharge 
pipes of at least nine thousand feet per minute to an equivalent suction or 
pressure of air equal to raising a column of water not less than five inches 
in a U-shaped tube. All branch pipes must enter the main trunk pipe at an 
angle of forty-five degrees or less; the main suction or trunk pipe shall be 
below the emery or buffing wheels, and as close to the same as possible, and 
to be either upon the floor or beneath the floor on which the machines are 
placed to which such wheels are attached. All bends, turns or elbows in 
such pipes must be made with easy, smooth surfaces, having a radius in 
the throat of not less than two diameters of the pipe on which they are 
connected. (Passed April 21, 1898; O. L. Vol. 93, p. 156; Bates' A. O. S. 
Vol. 2, p. 2434.) 

(Section 4364-89^) Sec. 5. [Duty of chief and district inspectors 
of workshops and factories; notification by chief inspector.] It shall 

be the duty of the chief inspector of workshops and factories to cause his 
district inspectors to inspect such workshops and factories in this state 
having and using - such machinery as is named in this act, as often as he 
may deem advisable, and the district inspector shall have entry to such 
workshops and factories at all times when directed to make such inspection, . 
and shall report to the chief inspector such violations as he may find, and 
the chief inspector shall notify the person or persons, company or corpora¬ 
tion operating such workshop or factory to comply with the provisions of 
this act within thirty days after date of issuing order, which notification 
shall be in writing and may be served by the district inspector or mailed to 
the last known address of such person, persons, company or corporation, 
which service shall be deemed sufficient notice for the purpose of this act. 
(Passed April 21, 1898; O. L. Vol. 93, p. 156; Bates’ A. O. S. Vol. 2, 
p. 2434.) 


72 


OHIO — DEPARTMENT OF WORKSHOPS AND FACTORIES. 


(Section 4364-896) Sec. 6. [Penalty for non-compliance.] Any 

person, or persons, company or corporation, or agent having charge of 
or the management of such workshop or factory, failing to comply with 
the povisions of this act, and with such orders for changes as may be issued 
by the chief inspector, within thirty days after the same has been issued, 
shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and upon conviction thereof be¬ 
fore any court of competent jurisdiction, shall be fined not less than fifty 
dollars nor more than one hundred dollars for each offense or imprisoned 
in the county jail not less than thirty days, or both such fine and imprison¬ 
ment, in the discretion of the court. (Passed April 21, 1898; O. L. Vol. 
93, pp. 156, 157; Bates’ A. O. S. Vol. 2, p. 2434.) 

HIGH EXPLOSIVES. 

MANUFACTURE, HANDLING AND STORAGE OF DYNAMITE, ETC. 

Section 257301. [Inspector of manufacture, etc., of explosives; 
appointment, etc.] That the chief state inspector of workshops and 
factories shall appoint, from among the district inspectors of workshops 
and factories whose appointments are now authorized by law, at least one 
inspector who shall be a skilled and experienced person, thoroughly con¬ 
versant with the manufacture and use of powder, dynamite, nitro-glycerine, 
fuses or other explosives and their compounds, whose duty it shall be to 
inspect all the manufacturing establishments in the state of Ohio wherein 
the manufacture of powder, dynamite, nitro-glycerine, compounds, fuses 
or other explosives are manufactured, and all magazines or store-houses 
wherein such explosives are stored, and he shall personally inspect the 
process of manufacture, the handling and storage of such explosives, and- 
may direct and order any changes or additions that he may deem neces¬ 
sary in or about such manufactories, magazines or store-houses for the 
safety of the employes and the public; and when on inspection it is found 
that any manufactory, magazine or store-houses mentioned herein is in 
such close proximity with any residence or dwelling as to cause accident 
in case of an explosion, the said inspector may cause the said explosives 
to be removed to a place of safety the distance to be calculated by the 
quantity and quality of the explosives so stored or manufactured, and 
the said inspector may, with the advice of the chief inspector, advise such 
rules and regulations as he may deem necessary, in addition to the pro-' 
visions of the statutes now giving authority to the inspector of workshops 
and factories and his assistants, all of which shall he applicable to the 
places of manufacturing, sale and storage of explosives as named in this 
statute. (Passed April 12, 1893; O. L. Vol. 90, p. 164; Bates’ A. O. S. 
Vol. 1, p. 1362.) 

Section 2573C-2. [Enforcement of act, etc.] The said inspector 
of workshops and factories shall enforce the provisions of this act under 
the same conditions and penalty as applied in section 2573c of the Re- 


LAWS OF OHIO. 


73 


vised Statutes. (Passed April 25, 1893; O. L. Vol. 90, p. 308; Bates’ 
A. O. S. Vol. 1, p. 1362.) 

Section 257303. [Additional salary of inspector of manufacture, 
handling and storage of explosives.] Provided, however, that one 
district inspector, skilled, experienced, and thoroughly conversant with 
the manufacture of powder, dynamite, nitro-glycerine, fuses, and other 
explosives, and their compounds, and whose duty it is to personally 
inspect their manufacture, handling and storage, as provided in section 
I of an act entitled “An act to regulate the manufacture, sale and use 
of dynamite within the state of Ohio, so as to provide for the inspection 
of such and to protect the public from the dangers of explosion,” as 
amended April 12, 1893, shall be entitled to, and be paid, a salary of 
eight hundred dollars per annum in addition to that named and provided 
for in said supplementary section 2573c. (Passed April 27, 1896; O. L. 
Vol. 92, p. 353; Bates’ A. O. S. Vol. 1, p. 1362.) 

PUBLIC BUILDINGS. 

OPERA HOUSES, HALLS, ETC., USED FOR ASSEMBLAGE OF PEOPLE. 

Section 2568. [Examination of halls, etc., as to safety in case 

of fire.] On application of the owner or person having control of 
an opera house, hall, theater, church, school-house, hospital, medical 
institute, asylum, or other buildings used for public assemblages, in any 
municipal corporation, the mayor, civil engineer, and chief engineer of the 
tire department, or if such corporation has no such engineer, the mayor 
and two members of council, shall carefully make a joint examination of 
such opera house, hall, theater, church, school-house, hospital, medical 
institute, asylum, or other building to ascertain the means provided thereat 
and therein for the speedy and safe egress of the persons that may at any 
time be there assembled, and the means provided for extinguishing a 
fire, at or in such place; provided, that when the assembly rooms of such 
church are situated upon the ground floor, with a sufficient number of low 
windows, in the opinion of the commission above provided for, to secure 
safe and easy means of escape in case of alarm, they shall grant the 
certificate mentioned in the next following section. (Passed January - 
11, 1893; O. L. Vol. 90, pp. 3, 4; Bates’ A. O. S. Vol. 1, p. 1356-57.) 

Section 2569. [Certificate in such case.] If, upon such examin¬ 
ation, it is found that such opera house, hall, theater, church, school- 
house, or other building is abundantly provided with means for speedy 
and safe egress of the persons who may at any time be there assembled, 
and, if above the first floor, that it is provided therein with water, or 
other equally efficient agency, and proper means to apply it, so that any 
fire which may occur at such place can be immediately extinguished, the 
mayor, and persons so acting with him, or a majority of the three, shall 
issue to such owner or person having control as aforesaid, a certificate 
of the fact, which shall continue in force one year, unless sooner revoked 


74 OHIO-DEPARTMENT OF WORKSHOPS AND FACTORIES. 

by council. (O. L. Vol. 62, p. 139; S. & B. R. S. Vol. 1, p. 666; Bates’ 
A. O. S. Vol. 1, p. 1357.) 

Section 2570. [Re-examination in case of change in building.] 

If any change or alteration is made in such building, the owner or per¬ 
son having charge of it shall notify the mayor of the fact, who shall cause 
to be made a re-examination in all respects like that provided for in the 
last section, and if upon such examination such owner or person hav¬ 
ing control, is entitled to such certificate as is mentioned in the last sec¬ 
tion, it shall be issued to him, with like effect. (O. L. Vol. 62, p. 139; 

R. S. Vol. 1, p. 667; Bates’ A. O. S. Vol. 1, p. 1357.) 

Section 2571. [Appeal of owner or person in control from re¬ 
fusal to issue certificate.] If any owner or person having control 
of such place, as aforesaid, shall feel himself aggrieved by the refusal 
of such officers, to issue any such certificate, he may appeal from the 
decision of the council, which shall appoint three disinterested persons 
to examine the premises, any two of whom may issue the certificate pro¬ 
vided for in section two thousand five hundred and sixty-nine, and two 
thousand five hundred and seventy. (O. L. Vol. 62, p. 139; S. & B. R. 

S. Vol. 1, p. 667 ; Bates’ A. O. S. Vol. 1, p. 1357.) 

Section 2572. [Penalty against owner or person having con¬ 
trol ; fines for benefit of city or county; duty of mayor or prosecuting 
attorney.] Whoever, being the owner or having control as an officer, 
agent, or otherwise, of any opera house, hall, theater, church, school- 
house, college, academy, seminary, infirmary, sanitarium, children’s 
home, hospital, medical institute, asylum, or other building used for the 
assemblage or betterment of people, in a municipal corporation, county 
or township in the state of Ohio, permits it to be used when any door 
affording exit therefrom is locked or barred, or opens inwardly; when 
the place is not provided with ample means for the safe and speedy 
egress of the persons who may be there assembled; when sufficient water 
and proper means to apply it, or other efficient means are not provided on 
each floor to extinguish any fire which may occur therein; or when the 
certificate provided for in section twenty-five hundred and sixty-nine or 
section twenty-five hundred and seventy, which certificate shall also ap¬ 
ply to buildings mentioned in section twenty-five hundred and seventy- 
two, as the case may be, has not been issued, or is not in full force, shall 
be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and on conviction thereof before 
any court of competent jurisdiction shall be fined not more than five hun¬ 
dred (500) dollars, nor less than fifty (50) dollars, and ten (10) dol¬ 
lars additional for each day or night such building is permitted to be used 
after such conviction is had and until such changes, alterations or addi¬ 
tions have been made sufficient to warrant the issuing of certificate by the 
chief inspector of workshops^and factories; and such fines and costs shall 
be recovered in the name and for the use of the municpal corporation, 
if such building is located within the corporate limits, if not then for the 


LAWS OF OHIO. 


75 


use of the county in which located and suit is brought; and it shall be 
the duty of the mayor, with the aid of the police, or the prosecuting 
attorney, with the aid of the sheriff, if such building is not located within 
a municipal corporation, to see that the provisions of this act are strictly 
enforced. (Passed March 9, 1898; O. L. Vol. 93, pp. 34, 35; Bates’ A. 
O. S. Vol. 1, pp. 1357-58.) 

Section 2572a. [Inspections and certificates dispensed with in 
certain cases; notices of refusal of certificate; requirements for issu¬ 
ance of certificate; prohibition of use of buildings.] That whenever 
any structure referred to in section 2572 shall have been inspected by 
the state inspector of workshops and factories, and such inspector shall 
have issued to the owner thereof or to his agent, a certificate that such 
structure is properly arranged for the safe and speedy egress of persons 
who may be assembled therein, and also properly provided with the means 
for the extinguishment of fire at or in such structures, as now required by 
law, then such certificate shall dispense with all other inspections and cer- 
tificates required by law in regard to the safety of such structures as are 
mentioned in section twenty-five hundred and seventy-two ; and in case such 
inspector shall find on inspection that such structure is not properly ar¬ 
ranged for the safe and speedy egress of persons who may he there as¬ 
sembled, or not properly provided with means for the extinguishment of fire 
at or in such structure, as now required by law, or that such structure is such 
as to endanger the lives of the persons who may be there assembled, from 
fire or other cause, he shall notify the owner, officer or agent in charge of 
such structure and the mayor of the municipal corporation, if such structure 
is located therein, if not then the prosecuting attorney of the county 
wherein the same is located, in writing, of the fact that he refuses such 
certificate, specifying his reasons and the alterations, additions and appli¬ 
ances necessary to be made and furnished before a certificate will be 
issued; and no certificate required by law, in regard to the safety of such 
structure, shall be issued by the mayor or any officer or person under any 
provision of the law till the requirements of the foregoing notice are 
complied with to the satisfaction of the state inspector, and it shall be 
the duty of the mayor of any municipality, with the aid of the police, 
or the prosecuting attorney, with the aid of the sheriff, upon receiving 
such notification, to prohibit the use of such buildings for the assemblage 
of people until the-necessary changes, alterations and additions have been 
made and the inspector’s certificate has been issued. (Passed April 27, 
1896; O. L. Vol. 92, p. 409; Bates’ A. O. S. Vol. 1, p. 1358.) 

Section 25 72b. [When inspection to be made; inspector to have 
access to buildings.] It shall be the duty of the chief inspector of 
workshops and factories, or his district inspectors, to make inspections 
of such buildings as are provided for in sections 2568, 2569 and 2572 
of the Revised Statutes of Ohio, as often as he may deem necessary, or 
upon the written demand of. the agent or owner of such structure, or 


76 


OHIO — DEPARTMENT OF WORKSHOPS AND FACTORIES. 


upon the written request of five or more citizens of the municipal corpor¬ 
ation, county or township wherein such structure is located, and the chief 
inspector or district inspectors shall have access to all such buildings at 
any time it may be deemed necessary to inspect same. (Passed March 
9, 1898; O. L. Vol. 93, p. 35; Bates’ A. O. S. Vol. 1, p. 1358.) 

BETTER PROTECTION FOR PERSONS WHO USE 

STAIRWAYS. 

(Section 4238-15) Sec. 1. [Hand-railings for stairways in cer¬ 
tain buildings.] That all stairs or stairways for ingress or egress, to 
and from all tenement houses, apartments, manufactories, mills, shops, 
stores, churches, hotels, halls for public meetings, lecture rooms, res¬ 
taurants, public library rooms, business offices of professional men and 
others doing business for or with the public, all public buildings and 
other rooms or places of public resort or use, whether for the transac¬ 
tion of business or social enjoyment, shall be provided by the owners 
thereof, or the directors, trustees, lessees, managers, controllers or pro¬ 
prietors of any of said buildings wherein said stairs or stairways are 
erected, and used for the purposes aforesaid, with a good substantial 
hand-rail extending from the top to the bottom of said stairs or stair¬ 
ways, and the same shall be firmly fastened by said owners, directors, 
trustees, lessees, managers, controllers or proprietors, to the wall or other 
support or partition at the side of such stairs or stairway most convenient 
for use, and such hand-rail shall be constructed or made of wood not less 
than one and one-half inches wide and two and one-half inches thick; or 
iron not less than one and one-half inches in diameter, and shall be put up 
and maintained along all the said stair and in all the said stairways in the 
said buildings now erected and in use, or which may hereafter be used 
for any of the purposes aforesaid, and in all such buildings hereafter 
constructed to be used for the purposes aforesaid. (Passed April 18, 
1892; O. L. Vol. 89, pp. 373, 374; Bates’ A. O. S. Vol. 2, p. 2375.) 

(Section 4238-16) Sec. 2. [Penalty for failure to provide hand¬ 
rails; liability for damages; chief inspector to enforce provisions.] 
Any person or persons owning or having charge of such stairs or stair¬ 
ways, as directors, trustees, lessees/managers or proprietors of any of 
said buildings wherein said stairs are erected and used for the purposes 
aforesaid, and neglecting or refusing to provide said hand-railings, and 
put up and keep up the same in manner aforesaid, shall be deemed guilty 
of a misdemeanor, and on conviction thereof before any court of com¬ 
petent jurisdiction shall be fined in any sum not less than ten nor more 
than one hundred dollars, and shall be liable to any person injured for 
the want of such railing or railings for all injury to such person or dam¬ 
ages resulting therefrom; and it shall be the duty of the chief inspector 
of workshops and factories, or district inspectors, to enforce the provis¬ 
ions of this act. (Passed April 7, 1898; O. L. Vol. 93, p. 88; Bates’ A. 
O. S. Vol. 2, p. 2375-76.) 


MISCELLANEOUS. 



The acts placed under the head of “Miscellaneous,” relating to 
buildings for public use, scaffolding and counter-floors for buildings 
under construction, obstructing aisles in theaters, manufacturing, stor¬ 
ing and transporting nitro-glycerine, and limiting hours of labor on public 
works, do not come under the jurisdiction of the Department of Work¬ 
shops and Factories, but so frequently letters are received relative to these 
laws that it was deemed advisable, for the sake of economy and to save 
time, to pubfish them in connection with the acts to be enforced by this 
department. — [Chief Inspector.] 

ERECTION OF BUILDINGS FOR PUBLIC USE. 

(Section 4238-1) Sec. 1. [To prevent the erection of dangerous 

buildings.] That it shall be unlawful for any person, society, firm, 
agent, representative of any private or corporate authority or society, 
or any committee, commission, or board acting under any authority 
whatsoever, to erect or cause to be erected; or for any architect, en¬ 
gineer, builder, or other person to furnish any plan, description or 
specification for the purpose of erecting in the state of Ohio, any struc¬ 
ture, room or place where persons are invited, expected, or permitted 
to assemble, for the purpose of entertainment, judgment, amusement, 
instruction, betterment, treatment, or care; or to make any addition 
to or alteration therein, which shall, in construction, arrangement, or 
means of egress, be dangerous to the health or lives of persons so 
assembled. (Passed April 15, 1889; O. L. Vol. 86, p. 381; S. & B. 
R. S. Vol. 2, p. 2381 ; Bates’ A. O. S. Vol. 2, p. 2371.) 

(Section 4238-2) Sec. 2. [Capacity of stairways, approaches, 
doorways, etc.; floors, roofs, walls, piers, pillars, arches, etc.; fire- 
escapes, ventilating, lighting and heating apparatus.] In every such 
structure, room or place, capable of containing fifty or more persons, 
the stairways and approaches thereto, and all doorways and escapes 
therefrom, in their aggregate width shall be of sufficient capacity to 
allow any audience which can be accommodated therein to escape there¬ 
from in four minutes, moving at a rate of two feet per second, and allowing 
four square feet of floor space to each person, then adding for hindrance, 
two feet to the width of each opening, passage or stairway. The doors 
from the same shall open outward, but no such room or place, unless the 
structure be fire-proof, which is over six feet from the surface of the 

77 



78 


OHIO-DEPARTMENT OF WORKSHOPS AND FACTORIES. 


lot, shall have less than two doors, stairways or exits. The floors of such 
structures, and all hallways, stairways, corridors or balconies and galleries 
therein or thereto, shall be capable of sustaining a live load of one hundred 
pounds per square foot, with a safety factor of five. All supports for 
floors or other parts of such structures, shall be fully capable of sustaining 
the aggregate loads and pressures above provided for in addition to any 
rythmical or vibrating motion which may be caused in the use of such 
structure. The roof or covering of such building shall be capable of 
sustaining a live load of thirty pounds of vertical pressure and a horizontal 
wind pressure of forty pounds per square foot, with a safety factor 
of five. When walls supporting floors are of common brick work the 
minimum of thickness and the maximum of height, supposing the length 
to equal the height, shall be, where no openings occur, 9-inch wall, 10 
feet, used inside only; 13-inch wall, 20 feet; 17-inch wall, 30 feet; 
21-inch wall, 40 feet; 26-inch wall, 50 feet; 30-inch wall, 60 feet, but 
when thinner walls stand upon thicker walls, the total height shall not 
exceed the one above given. Walls of hard brick, laid in cement, may 
be increased fifty per cent, above these dimensions. When walls be¬ 
tween supports are of greater or of less strength than the height, the 
length may be increased two feet for each foot the height is reduced; 
or reduced one-half foot for each foot the height is increased, from the 
dimensions given in this section. When there are buttresses or pilas¬ 
ters extending to the foundations and projecting from the wall, the 
thickness of the wall may be reduced by one-half the depth of such 
projections, provided they occupy at least one-tenth of the surface of the 
wall, and the thickness of the intervening walls, considered separately, 
shall not be less than what has been given in this section; provided, how¬ 
ever, that when any wall is strengthened by firm anchoring of girders, 
floors, or roofs, such anchors not being more than twelve times the 
thickness of the wall from each other, either horizontally or vertically, the 
surface of such wall may be doubled. The thickness of level-bedded 
stone walls to be the same as brick. For rough stone not in courses, add 
twenty-five per cent, to the thickness for brick. Where openings occur, 
thicken the walls by their ratio of surface. All piers, pillars and columns 
shall be capable of sustaining the aggregate live load given and the weight 
of the building. All arches must contain the line of pressure within the 
middle one-third of the voussoirs. The greatest pressure allowed per 
square foot of good brick work shall be five tons; for work of hard brick, 
laid in first-class cement, ten tons; for unbedded sandstone masonry, four 
tons; for second-class masonry, eight tons; for first-class masonry, twelve 
tons. Piers, columns, pillars and all marble, granite and limestone work, 
not over twenty per cent, of the crushing weight. Every such building, 
place or room, when above the second floor, shall be provided with at 
least one fire-escape, which shall be so placed as to be easily accessible, so 
marked that it may be generally understood, so constructed as to lead 


LAWS OF OHIO. 


79 


directly to the open air, and so designed as not to be dangerous for 
women and children, and shall be sufficiently inclosed to protect persons 
therefrom from fire below, i. e., it shall be placed against the dead wall 
and be inclosed on three sides, and in buildings where two or more 
assemblages occur, as in school houses, each room above the second floor 
must have an exit leading to a fire-escape. No fire-escape shall be less 
than twenty-four inches in clear width, with an additional one-fourth inch 
in width for each person [over fifty] to be accommodated thereby. The 
ventilating system or machinery shall be capable of changing the air in 
such room every thirty minutes; and all lavatories and water-closet places 
shall have double the above given capacity for ventilation; and all conven¬ 
iences used in such buildings shall have soil and waste-pipes fully ventilated 
to the outside air. The warming and lighting apparatus shall be arranged 
and constructed so as to be safe and against explosion or fire. All smoke 
flues or pipes, unless lined with terra cotta or other fire-proof material of 
permanent character, shall not be nearer than eight inches to any com¬ 
bustible material, and not nearer than four inches in any case, nor shall 
any smoke flue, pipe or chamber of metal being or passing under wood¬ 
work, be nearer thereto than twice the diameter of such pipe, flue or 
chamber, unless protected with suitable fire-proof guard with open space 
above. Every warm air flue of metal shall be at least one-half inch from 
all woodwork, and also completely covered with asbestos or other fire¬ 
proof wrapping, with circulation of air between it and the wood, and no 
wood shall be nearer than four inches to any such flue in brick work. 
(Passed April 15, 1889; O. L. Vol. 86, pp. 381-383; S. & B. R. S. Vol. 
2, pp. 2381-82; Bates’ A. O. S. Vol. 2, pp. 2371-73.) 

(Section 4238-3) Sec. 3.' [Exceptions as to application of this 
act.] This act shall not apply to cities of the first class, where the 
construction of buildings is regulated by statute under the direction 
of a building inspector; nor shall it be construed so as to interfere 
with existing laws relating to the inspection of buildings, but no certi¬ 
ficate as now provided by law, shall be issued for buildings, hereafter 
erected, or alterations hereafter made (except in such cities of the first 
class), unless they conform to the requirements of this act. (Passed 
April 15, 1889; O. L. Vol. 86, p. 383; S. & B. R. S. Vol. 2, pp. 2382, 2383; 
Bates’ A. O. S., Vol. 2, p. 2373.) 

(Section 4238-4) Sec. 4. [Penalty for violation of this act.] 
Any person who violates any of the requirements of this act shall be 
deemed guilty of a misdemeanor, and upon conviction thereof shall be 
fined in any sum not less than one hundred nor more than one thousand 
dollars, or be imprisoned in the county jail not less than ten nor more than 
sixty days, or both, at the discretion of the court, and shall also be liable 
to any person injured by reason of his violation of the requirements of this 
act, and shall be also liable for criminal prosecution for loss of life. 


80 


OHIO-DEPARTMENT OF WORKSHOPS AND FACTORIES. 


(Passed April 15, 1889; O. L. Vol. 86, p. 383; S. & B. R. S. Vol. 2, p* 
2383; Bates’ A. O. S., Vol. 2, p. 2373.) 

(Section 4238-5) Sec. 5. [Prosecuting attorney to enforce pro¬ 
visions of act.] It shall be the duty of the prosecuting attorneys to see 
that this law is enforced in their respective counties, and for each con¬ 
viction or violation thereof they shall be entitled to a fee of twenty-five 
dollars, and such other sums as may be allowed by the board of county 
commissioners. (Passed April 15, 1889; O. L. Vol. 86, p. 383; S. & B. 

R. S. Vol. 2, p. 2383; Bates’ A. O. S. Vol. 2, p. 2373.) 

Section 6. This act shall take effect and be in force within sixty 
days after its passage. (Passed April 15, 1889; O. L. Vol. 86, p. 383;. 

S. & B. R. S. Vol. 2, p. 2383; Bates’ A. O. S. Vol. 2, p. 2373.) 

SCAFFOLDING FOR BUILDINGS, ETC. 

Section 4238-18. Sec. 1. [Scaffolding and apparatus to be kept 
safe for employes.] Any person or corporation employing or direct¬ 
ing another to do or perform any labor in the erection, repairing, altering 
or painting any house, building or structure within this state, who 
shall knowingly or negligently furnish or erect or cause to be furnished for 
erection for and in the performance of said labor, such unsuitable or 
improper scaffolding, hoists, stays, ladders or other mechanical contrivan¬ 
ces as will not give proper protection to the life and limb of any person 
so (employed or) engaged, or if any such scaffolding or staging swung 
or suspended from an overhead support or supports shall be more than 
twenty feet from the ground or floor, the same shall be deemed unsuit¬ 
able and improper and as not giving proper protection to the life and limb 
of any person employed or engaged thereon, unless such scaffolding or 
staging shall, when the same is in use, have a safety-rail rising at least 
thirty-four inches above the floor or main portion of such scaffolding or 
staging, and extending along the outside thereof, and properly attached 
thereto, and unless such scaffolding or staging shall be provided with 
braces so as to sustain the weight' of a man’s body leaning against it, 
and prevent the scaffold or staging from swaying from the building or 
structure. (Passed April 18, 1892; O. L. Vol. 89, p. 380; Bates’ A: O. 
S. Vol. 2, p. 2376.) 

Section 4238-19. Sec. 2. [Penalty.] That any person or corporation 
by any of its officers who shall violate any of the provisions of this act shall 
be guilty of a misdemeanor and upon conviction thereof shall be pun- 
inshed by a fine not exceeding five hundred dollars, or by imprisonment in 
the county jail not to exceed three months, or both, at the discretion of the 
court. (Passed April 18, 1892; O. L. Vol. 89, p. 380; Bates’ A. O. S. 
Vol. 2, p. 2376.) 


LAWS OF OHIO. 


81 


COUNTER-FLOORS FOR BUILDINGS UNDER 

CONSTRUCTION 

Section 4238-20. [Counter floors for safety of operators in con¬ 
structing edifice; penalty.] That whoever being the owner, lessee, 
agent, factor, architect or contractor, being engaged in and having super¬ 
vision and charge of the building, erection or construction of any block, 
building or structure, who shall neglect or refuse to place or have placed 
upon the joists of each and every story of such block, building or struct¬ 
ure, as soon as joists are in position, counter floors of such quality and 
strength as to render perfectly safe the going to and fro thereon of all 
mechanics, laborers and other persons engaged upon the work of con¬ 
struction or in supervising the same, or in the building or placing of 
materials therefor, shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor and upon 
conviction thereof in apy court of competent jurisdiction shall be fined 
in any sum not less than $25 nor more than $200, and each and every 
day that such person, contractor, agent, factor, or architect shall so neg¬ 
lect or refuse to have such floors so placed as aforesaid, after written 
notice by the building inspector or from any person whose life or per¬ 
sonal safety may be endangered by such neglect or refusal, shall be held 
and considered a separate offense severally liable to the penalties afore¬ 
said. (Passed April 29, 1902; O. L. Vol. 95, p. 321.) 

OBSTRUCTING AISLES IN THEATERS, ETC. 

Section 7010. [Penalty for using hall, theater, etc., without cer¬ 
tificate; unlawful to obstruct aisles.] Whoever being the owner of 
a hall, theater, opera house, church or school-house, having the control 
thereof, individually or by virtue of his office as agent of any society or 
corporation, permits the same to be used for the purpose of public assem¬ 
blies or schools without having the certificate required by law that the same 
is provided with the means of speedy and safe ingress and egress, shall 
be fined not more than one thousand dollars for each and every such 
offense; nor shall it be lawful for any owner, lessee or proprietor of a 
hall, theater or opera house to block up the aisles and hallways therein 
by placing chairs, stools or permitting them to be occupied by persons 
standing therein, or by any obstructions whatever to the danger of those 
occupying sittings therein by cutting off an escape and easy egress there¬ 
from, under the penalty as above enumerated in this section for not provid¬ 
ing means for escape in case of fire or other casualties. (Passed March 
•I, 1883 ; O. L. Vol. 80, p. 28; A. O. S. Vol. 2, pp. 3382-83.) 

" NITRO-GLYCERINE. 

Section 6953. [Manufacturing, storing and transporting nitro¬ 
glycerine.] It shall be unlawful for any person, firm or corporation, 


82 


OHIO-DEPARTMENT OF WORKSHOPS AND FACTORIES. 


to manufacture the substance or material known as nitro-glycerine, or any 
compound thereof, or to store the same in quantities exceeding one hundred 
pounds, within the limits of any municipal corporation, or within eighty 
rods of any occupied dwelling or public building, or without giving bond: 
as hereinafter provided to pay any damage caused by the explosion of said 
substance. Within thirty days after the passage of this act, any and all 
persons, firms or corporations heretofore engaged in the manufacture or 
storage of said substance, in any county in this state, and all persons, firms 
or corporations hereafter engaging in such manufacture or storage, shall 
give bond in the sum of five thousand dollars, with good and sufficient 
surety, to the county commissioners of such county, with such surety or 
sureties as shall be approved by such county commissioners, conditioned 
for the payment of all damages that may be caused to persons or prop¬ 
erty by any explosion of any of said substance. And it shall be 
unlawful for any person, firm or corporation to transport or carry said 
substance in any package not having written or printed upon two sides 
thereof, in plain and distinct letters, the words “nitro-glycerine — dan¬ 
gerous,” or in any vehicle or water-craft upon which any passenger is, at 
the same time being conveyed, or in any vehicle upon the two sides and 
rear end of which there shall not have been printed, in plain and distinct 
letters, large enough to occupy a space two inches wide by eighteen inches 
long, the words “nitro-glycerine — dangerous.” And anyone convicted of 
a violation of this section, either as principal or servant, agent or officer of 
such person, firm or corporation, shall be fined not more than one thousand 
dollars, or imprisoned not more than three months, or both. (Passed April 
16, 1900; O. L. Vol. 94, p. 296.) 

Section 2. That said section 6953, passed May 1st 1871, be and 
the same is hereby repealed. 

LIMITING HOURS OF LABOR ON PUBLIC WORKS. 

Section i. [What shall constitute a day’s labor upon public 
works; unlawful for officer or person in charge of work to permit or 
require workmen to labor more than eight hours; exceptions.] The 

service of all laborers, workmen and mechanics employed upon any public 
works of, or work done for the state of Ohio; or for any political sub¬ 
division thereof, whether said work is done by contract or otherwise, shall 
be, and is hereby limited, and restricted to eight hours in any one calendar 
day; and it shall be unlawful for any officer of the state or of any political 
division thereof, or any person acting for or on behalf therof, or any con¬ 
tractor, or sub-contractor for any part of any public works of, or work done 
for such state, or political subdivision thereof, or any person, corporation, or 
association whose duty it shall be to employ or to direct and control the 
services of such laborers, workmen or mechanics, or who has in fact the 
direction or control of the services of such laborers, workmen or mechanics 


LAWS OF OHIO. 


83 


to require or permit them or any of them to labor more than eight hours 
in any one calendar day, except in cases of extraordinary emergency caused 
by fire, food [flood] or danger to life and property, and except to work 
upon public, military or naval works or defenses in time of war, and except 
in cases of employment of labor in agricultural pursuits. (Passed April 
16, 1900; O. L. Vol. 94, p. 357.) 

Section 2. [Contracts for public work shall contain eight hour 
provision; shall stipulate penalty for violations by contractor.] Each 
and every contract to which the state of Ohio, or any political subdivi¬ 
sion thereof is a party, and every contract made for, or on behalf of the 
said state or anv subdivision thereof, which contract mav involve the 
employment of laborers, workmen or mechanics shall contain a stipula¬ 
tion that no laborer, workman or mechanic in the employ of the contractor, 
or any sub-contractor doing or contracting to do any part of the work 
contemplated by the contract, shall be required or permitted to work 
more than eight hours in any one calendar day except in cases of extra¬ 
ordinary emergency caused by fire, flood or danger to life or property 
and except to work upon public, military or naval work, or defenses 
in time of war, and except in cases of employment of labor in agricultural 
pursuits, and each and every [such] contract shall stipulate a penalty 
for such violation of the stipulation directed by this act of ten dollars 
for each laborer, workman or mechanic, for each and every calendar 
day in which he shall labor more than eight hours, and the inspector 
or officer, or person whose duty it shall be to see that the provisions 
of any such contract are complied with, shall report to the proper officer 
of such state, or political subdivision thereof, all violations of the stipu¬ 
lation in this act, provided for in each and every such contract, and the 
amount of the penalties stipulated in any such contract shall be with¬ 
held by the officer or person whose duty it shall be to pay the moneys due 
under such contract, whether the violations for which such penalties 
were imposed by the contractor, his agents, or employes, or any sub¬ 
contractor, his agents, or employes, no person on behalf of the state of 
Ohio, or any political subdivision thereof, shall rebate or permit any 
penalty imposed under such [any] stipulation herein provided for, unless 
upon a finding which he shall make up and certify that such penalty 
was imposed by reason of an error of fact. Nothing in this act shall 
be construed to authorize the collection of said penalty from the state, 
or any political subdivision thereof. (Passed April 16, 1900; O. L. 
Vol. 94, pp. 357 - 58 .) 

Section 3. [Penalty.] Any officer of the state of Ohio, or of 
any political subdivision thereof, or any person acting for, or on be¬ 
half thereof, who shall violate the provision of this act, shall be deemed 
guilty of a misdemeanor, and be subject to a fine or imprisonment, or 
both, at the discretion of the court, the fine not to exceed five hundred 


84 OHIO — DEPARTMENT OF WORKSHOPS AND FACTORIES. 

dollars, nor the imprisonment more than one year. (Passed April 16, 
1900; O. L. Vol. 94, p. 358.) 

Section 4. All acts and parts of acts inconsistent with this act in 
so far as they are consistent are hereby repealed. 

Section 5. This act shall take effect and be in force from and after 
its passage. 

EMPLOYERS OF WORKMEN LIABLE IN DAMAGES. 

Section i. [Employers’ liability for personal injury to em¬ 
ploye notwithstanding negligence of fellow servant.] An employer 
shall be responsible in damages for personal injury caused to an em¬ 
ploye, who is himself in the exercise of due care and diligence at the 
time, by reason of any defect in the condition of the machinery or appli¬ 
ances connected with or used in the business of the emloyer, which arose 
from, or had not been discovered or remedied owing to the negligence 
of the emloyer, or of any person in the service of the employer, entrusted 
by him with the duty of inspection, repair, or of seeing that the machinery 
or appliances were in proper condition. Passed April 4, 1902; O. L. 
Vol. 95, p. 114.) 

UNLAWFUL TO PREVENT EMPLOYES FROM JOINING 

LABOR ORGANIZATIONS. 

(Section 4364-68) Sec. 1. [Preventing employe from joining 
labor organizations; penalty.] It shall be unlawful for any indi¬ 
vidual, or member of any firm, or agent, officer or employe of any com¬ 
pany or corporation to prevent employes from forming, joining and be¬ 
longing to any lawful labor organization, and any such individual, mem¬ 
ber, agent, officer or employe that coerces or attempts to coerce employes, 
by discharging or threatening to discharge from their employ or the 
employ of any firm, company or corporation, because of their connection 
with such lawful labor organization, shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, 
and upon conviction thereof in any court of competent jurisdiction shall 
be fined in any sum not exceeding one hundred dollars or imprisoned 
for not more than six months, or both, in the discretion of the court. 
(Passed April 14, 1892; O. L. Vol. 89, p. 269; Bates’ A. O. S. Vol. 2, 
p. 2429.) 


FRED. J. HEER 



L'TIV!*. 


COEUMBUS, O. 




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